Neorealist And Neo Marxist Approaches To Globalisation Politics Essay

modernrealist And Neo Marxist plan of attackes To Globalisation Politics EssayGlobalisation is the process of desegregation which is human race-wide and arises from the mixture of products, motifs, views and some different aspects of culture. Neo Realism and Neo Marxism argon the un kindred approaches that cave in incompatible theories, rules and regulation which sack up be used by diverse geological countries to accept the different cultures and the technologies to achieve the globalisation. Neo Realism uses the concept of self-interest and that is the reason it is retrieveed as realistic hypothesis to different aspects spot Neo Marxism uses the concepts of Marxism and as well incorporates elements from other intellectual traditions likecritical theory,psychoanalysisorExistentialism. globalisation process requires different approaches to be followed to get success in particular field. As any we absorb it a direction globalisation requires the consideration of m any aspects so that it could be accept globally, so the application and selection of the hold theory is much grievous. Globalization is the main factor these days in the success of any country, company, or organization as the global presence only tells about the popularity or the importance of that thing. Thither ar different theories that burn down be applied like classical or neo classical realist theory, left(a) critical theory, deconstructionist ethics theory, neo Marxism theory or post structuralism theory and so forth The application of these theory can be done of anti globalism or alter globalism. We will here compargon the neo realism and neo Marxism approaches that can be applied for globalisation and how they can push the globalisation and which one is better. The comparison will lead to the arrangement of the theories and their importance for the globalization.Neo Realism Approach essentially Realism is considered as the view that different aspects of internationa lization are derived from competitive self-interest. Realism is an international theory basically which is nubd upon following four propositions.1. First proposition considers the that no actor above states is fit which can regulate the interactions and states must get all the transaction with other states in the environment at their own instead of control from someone else which means that the international system is anarchic.2. Second proposition considers the states as most important actors.3. This proposition considers all states as unitary and rational actors which tend to pursue their self-interest.4. withstand proposition considers that all states concern about the survival mainly.In short we can say that realists look at in the self-centred and competitive humankind. Theorists like Thomas Hobbes consider the human nature to be egoistical and conflictual and exceptional in some special cases. These views are different from the liberalism approach that is used for intern ational relations. Realists considerSovereignstatesas the main actors in the international system and they afford special direction to freehanded superpowers because they mainly impact the international stage (Gene Callahan, (2010) pp 872).International institutions, multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, individuals and other actors like sub-state or trans-state are considered as less influential. Realists moot that all states cant guide their actions by a universal principle. They believe that e very(prenominal) state must be aware of different actions of the other states around it and a matter-of-fact approach should be used in case of any problem.Neo realism is same as classical realism but it focuses on anarchic anatomical structure of international system in filthiness of human nature. It considers that states are main actors due to the non existence of any political monopoly above sovereign. Main attention is given to the forces which are above or below the states using levels of analysis orstructure-agency debate enchantment state will be the main actors. This theory considers international system as astructurewhich acts on the state and individuals as they are below the level of the state who acts asagencyon the state. Neo realism differs in the emphasis which it places on the permanence of conflict in spite of be affected from English School. It says that states should be constantly prepared for conflict using frugal and military build-up so that state security can be ensured. Some of the prominent neo realists are Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz(Structural realism), Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis, Stephen Walt(Defensive realism), stern Mearsheimer(Offensive realism), Robert Gilpin(Hegemonic theory).The main focus of the realist approach to international politics is on the importance of power to establish relations between states. Realists believe in self-help they consider that states should rely on themselves to provide order and to resolve the issues. States should be capable enough to handle the situations and should not depend for any particular power.CriticismThere are different criticisms for the neo realistic theory like it has the problem of Indeterminacy, federalism and democratic peace. These all can be summarized as followsProblem of IndeterminacyThough the theory is very rigorous but still there are some fundamental drawbacks which present problems in generating different hypotheses and testing theory. The theory is very doubtful because it focuses on different effects of the structure of international system on the behaviour of states and on international outcomes (Marianne Wikgren, (2005) pp 19). It says that structures have their effects indeterminately and indirectly. These all can also be found in balance of power theory also.Democratic peaceThe theory of realism does not apply to the democratic states relations with individually other because some studies found that such attri bute of states dont go for war. However, Realists and proponents of other schools have critiqued both this margin call and the studies which appear to support it, cl conducting that its definitions of war and democracy must be tweaked in order to achieve the desired result.FederalismFederalism comes from a theory which divides the final exam authority between different sub-units and a centre. In such type of cases, sovereignty is constitutionally split between at least two territorial levels and results in final authority at each level which can act independently of the others in some area. This gives the citizens the right(a) to have political obligations to two authorities. The allocation of authority between the sub-unit and centre may vary. Typically the centre has powers to shape different policies like defence and foreign policy, but at the same time different sub-units may also have international roles. The sub-units are also allowed to participate in central decision-maki ng process.Neo Marxism ApproachNeo-Marxismis used for different twentieth-century approaches which append or includeMarxismandMarxist theory and incorporates different important elements from other intellectual traditions like critical theory,psychoanalysisorExistentialism. One good example of syncretism in neo Marxist theory is the contradictory of class location theory from Erik Olin Wright which incorporatescritical criminology, Weberiansociology andanarchism.Neo Marxists have tried to supplement the deficiencies which were perceived in Jewish-Orthodox Marxism (Alf Walle, (2001) pp 805) or dialectical materialism and that is the reason wherefore many theorists and groups has designated the use of prefix neo. Most of the prominent neo-Marxists like Herbert Marcuseand other members of theFrankfurt School were sociologists and psychologists. in the raw left considers neo Marxism under its broader framework. In asociologicalaspect, neo-Marxism is basically the addition of Max Weber s broader understanding ofsocial inequality like statusandpower toMarxist philosophy. Critical theory, French structural Marxism and analytical Marxism are different strains of neo-MarxismNeo Marxism came in the existence to explain those questions which were unexplained in Karl Marxs works. There are many different branches of Neo-Marxism which are usually not in agreement with each other and their delimit theories. There are basically two theories of neo Marxism, which are as followsNeo-marxist theories of developmentDependency and world system theories are connected to come up with the Neo-Marxist approach to development economics. In this approach development is considered as external exploitation which was used to be considered as internal exploitation in orthodox Marxism.Neo-marxian economicsThis approach stresses on the monopolistic capitalism in spite of competitive nature of capitalism. KaleckiandBaranandSweezy are associated with this approach.Neo-Marxism is the applicat ion of Marxist ideas to the global economic conditions which currently exists and considered as a school of economic thought. It was very common during the 1960s and 1970s as many neo-Marxist scholars showed that how capitalist policies can hinder the development and can increase the inequality between the Global North and South. So, neo-Marxists produced different modern world system and addiction theories in form of clear illustrations to show how neo-liberal capitalism has brought increased inequality to the global economy.CriticismBasically Neo Marxism was a relaxation of the economic determinism and positivism of classical Marxist theories. Its main focus was more(prenominal)(prenominal) on the society rather than on the system alone. It incorporated other sociological views which were developed by and by Marx so that a more holistic view of social class structures and dynamics can be provided and the target was to focus more on society. Different criticisms for the neo Ma rxism theory are as followsIt has more concentration on economic relationship which is like going over to the limit as it considers the economic relationship as most important factor.This theory is considered as economically deterministic due to the more emphasis on the economic relationship and it has ignored the other relationship like family, education. Friendship, religious etc which also give shape and determines the success.As it has concentrated on the economic relationships and conflicts, it has overlooked the conflicts that can rise in other forms (non-economic) also. This theory has either overlooked on these factors or has a slight description like it argues that the male-female conflicts are not simply economic rather they are patriarchal.It has under-emphasized the subjective adaptations of individuals when looking at the way in which people see and act in the social world (Thomas M. Jeannot, (1994) pp 91). A persons subjective interpretation of their class, for exampl e, might be quite different to their objective class position.Many forms of Neo-Marxism have been criticised (usually by other Marxists) as being little more than a left-wing variety of Functionalism (Left Functionalism as Jock vernal has termed it). In place of society existing for the benefit of all, Young argues that many Marxists simply substitute the idea that society exists for benefit of a ruling class).Some forms of Neo-Marxism resemble little more than a heavyweight conspiracy theory, whereby a Capitalist Ruling Class are able to manipulate other classes in society for their own ends / benefits.Critics like Sir Karl Popper have claimed that Marxism is unscientific in its methodology. In particular, he argues that Marxism is not a theory that can be tested and possibly falsified, mainly because it sees the replacement of Capitalism by collectivism as historically inevitable. In this respect, Popper classifies Marxism as a faith.The Marxist perspective lends itself to alwa ys examining social relationships in terms of their conflictual basis (just as the Functionalist perspective tends to look at those same relationships in terms of their accordant basis). This emphasis might be misplaced.ConclusionAs per the above discussion, both approaches have different implications for the globalization and have aim to satisfy the need of the states and regions for their success. On the one side neo realist theory tries to aim at individual on the other side neo Marxist theory tries to aim at the economies. Realist theory considers each individual responsible for their own tasks while neo Marxist theory dialogue in terms of economic stability and other factors (Kavous Ardalan, (2009) pp 525). The globalisation is the process which requires the integration of ideas, views and other factors that can help to get a better international system in the place. So while choosing the opera hat theory for the globalisation, it is important to consider that the theory whi ch is required should be more realistic and should focus on the growth and responsibility of all as a whole, not as an individual. So, neo realism is the theory which is realistic while neo Marxism is the theory which considers the economy as a whole. So I return a mixture of both can be better to be adopted for globalization process. except most preferable should be neo realism theory as it aims at the development of all and the responsibility of all individual state so that they can be economically strong at their own and can give rise to a good competition in the world scenario while keeping in the mind about the international relations.