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Some Questions and Answers Contents of Dead Mans Pocket

Some questions and answers Contents of Dead Mans Pocket 1. (a) Recall: What document is Tom working on at the start of the story? (b) Analyze Cause and Effect: What long-term goals does he hope to achieve by this work? (c) Draw Conclusions: What does his plan tell you about his character? Ans : (a) Tom is working on a proposal for a new grocery-store display method. (b) He hopes it will advance his career. (c) Tom is ambitious and cares deeply about his work. 2. (a) Recall: Why does Tom go out on the ledge? (b) Connect: Is his decision surprising given his character? Explain. Ans: (a) Tom goes out on the ledge to retrieve a sheet of statistics. (b) No, Tom seems to be completely consumed with ambition. 3. (a)†¦show more content†¦The author utilized setting expertly as he casually introduces the fact that the apartment is on the eleventh floor of a New York apartment building during the first few paragraphs of the story. The scene is further set when the contrast between the warmth in the apartment and the coldness of the ledge is portrayed when his wife leaves for the movies. An additional contrast in setting is created as he will be working, and later be stuck on the cold ledge, fighting for his life, while his wife is relaxing in the comfort of the theatre. The author utilizes a narrator with an omniscient point of view. This allows the reader to get an insight into the thoughts and feelings of Tom. The use of this type of narrator also allows the author to control what and how much is revealed to the reader in building suspense. The point of view used influences the effectiveness of suspense as the narrator reveals the various thoughts and feelings of Tom at the correct point in the development of the story to keep the reader absorbed by the developments. The narrators perspective affects your understanding of the story. The tone in this story is seemingly neutral and factual, but on closer assessment it becomes clear that the author, Jack Finney, portrays a sympathetic view towards the character Tom Benecke. The way the narrator is telling the story results in a lot of suspense. Will Tom go out on the ledge? Will he be able to retrieve the yellow paper? Will he be able to stay onShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Night 1667 Words   |  7 Pageswere on in the living room. Dylan could see a wheelchair in front of the TV beside the couch. The one story home was wheel chair accessible. Dylan walked up the ramp to the door. He took his gun out of the backpack, and carefully placed it in his pocket. He lifted his arm and knocked on the door. A middle-aged man came to the door. His hair was grey and his face creased with lines. It seemed as if this man had been under a lot of stress in the past year. That wouldn’t be surprising since he wouldRead MoreThe Third Level3219 Words   |  13 Pagesonly  SIX  pages in length, Finney manages to not only capture the readers imagination, but too also provide a clear example of time travel that doesnt confuse the reader. What is the explanation of The third level by Jack Finney? Books and Literature Questions Best Answer Charley, the main character of the story finds a portal which leads to 1894. He tries to go to his hometown, Galesburg. But, as because he didnt have any currency of 1894, he had to postpond his plans for the future. He exchanged his 3 hundredRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12166 Words   |  49 Pages recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage retrieval systems without the written permission of the publisher. For complete copyright information on these eNotes please visit: http://www.enotes.com/worn−path/copyright Table of Contents 1. A Worn Path: Introduction 2. Eudora Welty Biography 3. Summary 4. Characters 5. 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Youve been convicted of tax evasion and have spent the last couple years at the Atlanta U.S. Penitentiary. With several thousand dollars stuffed in the hollow handle of your tennis racket, and a warden in your pocket, youve been living life like a king. But all thats about to come to and end, you find yourself standing on Pier 41, Fishermans Warf, San Francisco bay. Its early morning and the fog obscures your view. As it starts to lift and recede into theRead MoreShort Story9628 Words   |  39 Pagesname?† â€Å"Jordan. I’d give you my passport, but for some reason I don’t have it anymore.† Sayeed pulled the navy book in question from his jacket and thumbed through it. â€Å"Jordan Campbell. Place of birth, Atlanta, Georgia.† He flipped several pages and turned the book sideways. â€Å"You arrived almost two weeks ago to Lahore.† Dave kept his face stoic. â€Å"This is where I started. You know how hard it is to find liquor in Pakistan. Well I got my hands on some today, and I guess I went a little overboard ’causeRead MoreAge of Darkness: A Narrative Fiction3194 Words   |  13 Pagesthe whole point of this. Lucifer rebelled against God because he knew that mankind would outgrow him. And outgrow him, they have! God doesnt exist in their realm anymore! Their only god is money! Leviathan roared, aiming his revolver at the other mans head. God forgives those who repent, even...demons... Melchizedek said. Repent and you will be forgiven. The Order wont be broken! God? Forgive demons? Leviathan cocked an eyebrow. Thats an interesting thing. Is that what you said to youRead MoreSummary Of A Christmas Carol 11802 Words   |  48 PagesAlright†¦settle in there you two. (Bobby pulls a blanket from off the back of the couch and places it over he and Grandma’s laps. He reaches out and gets a cookie from the tray.) Grandpa: Jacob Marley was dead to begin with†¦ Bobby: What? Grandpa: That’s how the story begins â€Å"Jacob Marley was dead to begin with. Dead as a doornail† Bobby: (eating the cookie)Good beginning Grandpa†¦kind of creepy and spooky. Grandma; Yes dear,nice job. Grandpa: May I continue? Bobby: Ready†¦ Grandpa: In life Marley had a shrewd

Income Tax Fundamentals free essay sample

Form Department of the Treasury—Internal Revenue Service (99) U. S. Individual Income Tax Return Last name 2011 , 2011, ending OMB No. 1545-0074 , 20 IRS Use Only—Do not write or staple in this space. * For the year Jan. 1–Dec. 31, 2011, or other tax year beginning Your first name and initial If a joint return, spouse’s first name and initial See separate instructions. Your social security number Spouse’s social security number Ivan I. Incisor Last name Irene I. Incisor Home address (number and street). If you have a P. O. box, see instructions. 68 Mule Deer Lane City, town or post office, state, and ZIP code. If you have a foreign address, also complete spaces below (see instructions). Spokane, WA 99206 Foreign country name Foreign province/county Filing Status Check only one box. 1 2 3 6a b c X Single Married filing jointly (even if only one had income) Married filing separately. Enter spouse’s SSN above and full name here. Spouse . Dependents: Exemptions x x Yourself. If someone can claim you as a dependent, do not check box 6a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) Dependent’s social security number (3) Dependent’s relationship to you (1) First name If more than four dependents, see instructions and check here Ira d Total number of exemptions claimed of as 11 ft 20 ra 9/ } D /2 8 0 Apt. no. 477 34 4321 637 34 4927 Make sure the SSN(s) above and on line 6c are correct. Presidential Election Campaign Check here if you, or your spouse if filing jointly, want $3 to go to this fund. Checking Foreign postal code a box below will not change your tax or refund. You Spouse X X 4 Head of household (with qualifying person). (See instructions. ) If the qualifying person is a child but not your dependent, enter this child’s name here. 5 Qualifying widow(er) with dependent child . . . . . . . Last name (4) if child under age 17 qualifying for child tax credit (see instructions) Boxes checked on 6a and 6b No. of children on 6c who: †¢ lived with you †¢ did not live with you due to divorce or separation (see instructions) Dependents on 6c not entered above 2 1 Incisor 690 99 9999 . . . Child . . x . . . . . . . . . . . . Add nu mbers on lines above 3 Income Attach Form(s) W-2 here. Also attach Forms W-2G and 1099-R if tax was withheld. 7 8a b 9a b 10 11 12 13 14 15a 16a 17 18 19 20a 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31a 32 33 34 35 36 37 Wages, salaries, tips, etc. Attach Form(s) W-2 . Taxable interest. Attach Schedule B if required . Tax-exempt interest. Do not include on line 8a . Ordinary dividends. Attach Schedule B if required . . . . . . . . . . 8b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8a 9a 10 11 12 13 14 15b 16b 17 18 19 20b 21 22 65,000 380 Qualified dividends . . . . . . . . . . . 9b Taxable refunds, credits, or offsets of state and local income taxes Alimony received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . If you did not get a W-2, see instructions. Business income or (loss). Attach Schedule C or C-EZ . . . . . . . . Capital gain or (loss). Attach Schedule D if required. If not required, check here Other gains or (losses). Attach Form 4797 . . . . . . . . . . . . IRA distributions . 15a b Taxable amount . . . Pensions and annuities 16a b Taxable amount . . . Rental real estate, royalties, partnerships, S corporations, trusts, etc. Attach Schedule E Farm income or (loss). Attach Schedule F . Unemployment compensation . . . . Social security benefits 20a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b Taxable amount . . . . . . . . . Enclose, but do not attach, any payment. Also, please use Form 1040-V. Other income. List type and amount Combine the amounts in the far right column for lines 7 through 21. This is your total income Educator expenses . . . . . . . . . . 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31a 32 33 34 . . . . . . . . . . . Certain business expenses of reservists, performing artists, and fee-basis government officials. Attach Form 2106 or 2106-EZ Health savings account deduction. Attach Form 8889 . Moving expenses. Attach Form 3903 . . . . . . Deductible part of self-employment tax. Attach Schedule SE . Self-employed SEP, SIMPLE, and qualified plans . . Self-employed health insurance deduction Penalty on early withdrawal of savings . . Alimony paid b Recipient’s SSN IRA deduction . . . . . . . Student loan interest deduction . Tuition and fees. Attach Form 8917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,380 Adjusted Gross Income Domestic production activities deduction. Attach Form 8903 35 Add lines 23 through 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtract line 36 from line 22. This is your adjusted gross income 36 37 65,380 Form For Disclosure, Privacy Act, and Paperwor k Reduction Act Notice, see separate instructions. Cat. No. 11320B 1040 (2011) * The 2012 version of this form is not available as we go to press. Please see the Web site for the text at www. cengage. com/taxation/whittenburg for solutions updated to 2012 forms. Chapter 1 – Cumulative Software Problem Answer 1-2 Comprehensive Problem 2, cont. Form 1040 (2011) Page 2 Tax and Credits Standard Deduction for— †¢ People who check any box on line 39a or 39b or who can be claimed as a dependent, see instructions. †¢ All others: Single or Married filing separately, $5,800 Married filing jointly or Qualifying widow(er), $11,600 Head of household, $8,500 38 39a b 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59a b 60 61 Amount from line 37 (adjusted gross income) Check if: { . . . . . . . You were born before January 2, 1947, Spouse was born before January 2, 1947, Blind. Blind. } . . . . . . 38 65,380 11,900 53,480 11,400 42,080 5,441 5,441 Total boxes checked 39a 39b . . . . 40 41 42 If your spouse itemizes on a separate return or you were a dual-status alien, check here Itemized deductions (from Schedule A) or your standard deduction (see left margin) Subtract line 40 from line 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exemptions. Multiply $3,700 by the number on line 6d . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable income. Subtract line 42 from line 41. If line 42 is more than line 41, enter -0- . . Form 4972 c 962 election Tax (see instructions). Check if any from: a Form(s) 8814 b Alternative minimum tax (see instructions). Attach Form 6251 . Add lines 44 and 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign tax credit. Attach Form 1116 if required . . . . Credit for child and dependent care expenses. Attach Form 2441 Education credits from Form 8863, line 23 . . . . . Retirement savings contributions credit. Attach Form 8880 Child tax credit (see instructions) . . . . . . . . Residential energy credits. Attach Form 5695 . . . . 52 3800 b 8801 c Other credits from Form: a 53 Add lines 47 through 53. These are your total credits . . . . . Subtract line 54 from line 46. If line 54 is more than line 46, enter -0Self-employment tax. Attach Schedule SE . . . Unreported social security and Medicare tax from Form: Household employment taxes from Schedule H Other taxes. Enter code(s) from instructions . . . Other Taxes Additional tax on IRAs, other qualified retirement plans, etc. Attach Form 5329 if required . . . . . . . . First-time homebuyer credit repayment. Attach Form 5405 if required . . . . . f o s 1 t a 01 f 2 r a 9/ D /2 08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 48 49 50 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a 4137 . . b . . . 8919 . 43 44 45 46 54 . . . . . . 55 56 57 5,441 . . . . . 58 59a 59b 60 61 Add lines 55 through 60. This is your total tax . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments If you have a qualifying child, attach Schedule EIC. 62 63 64a b 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Federal income tax withheld from Forms W-2 and 1099 . . 2011 estimated tax payments and amount applied from 2010 return Earned income credit (EIC) . . . . Nontaxable combat pay election 64b Additional child tax credit. Attach Form 8812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 63 64a 65 66 67 68 6,000 5,441 American opportunity credit from Form 8863, line 14 . First-time homebuyer credit from Form 5405, line 10 . Amount paid with request for extension to file . . . Excess social security and tier 1 RRTA tax withheld . . . 69 Credit for federal tax on fuels. Attach Form 4136 . . . . 70 Credits from Form: a 2439 b 8839 c 8801 d 8885 71 A dd lines 62, 63, 64a, and 65 through 71. These are your total payments . . . . . Refund Direct deposit? See instructions. 73 74a b d 75 76 77 If line 72 is more than line 61, subtract line 61 from line 72. This is the amount you overpaid Amount of line 73 you want refunded to you. If Form 8888 is attached, check here . Routing number c Type: Checking Savings Account number 75 Amount of line 73 you want applied to your 2012 estimated tax Amount you owe. Subtract line 72 from line 61. For details on how to pay, see instructions 72 73 74a 6,000 559 559 Amount You Owe 76 No Third Party Designee 77 Estimated tax penalty (see instructions) . . . . . . . Do you want to allow another person to discuss this return with the IRS (see instructions)? Designee’s name Phone no. Yes. Complete below. Personal identification number (PIN) Sign Here Joint return? See instructions. Keep a copy for your records. Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined this return and accompanying schedules and statements, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, they are true, correct, and complete. Declaration of preparer (other than taxpayer) is based on all information of which preparer has any knowledge. Your signature Date Your occupation Daytime phone number Spouse’s signature. If a joint return, both must sign. Print/Type preparer’s name Date Spouse’s occupation Paid Preparer Use Only Preparer’s signature Dentist Homemaker Identity Protection PIN (see inst. ) PTIN Date Check if self-employed Firm’s name Firm’s address Firms EIN Phone no. Form 1040 (2011)

Managerial Roles and Skills Essay Example

Managerial Roles and Skills Essay Write a note on the managerial roles and skills? [10] Mangerial Roles and Skills Mangerial Roles: To meet the many demands of performing their functions, managers assume multiple roles. A role is an organized set of behaviors. Henry Mintzberg (1973) has identified ten Sub roles common to the work of all managers. The ten roles are divided into three groups: interpersonal, informational, and decisional. According to Henry Mintzberg(1973), managers in an organization, in order to be effective in their jobs, act in specific ways when they interact with others in the course of performing the four management functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. These particular behavior patterns or roles were described by Mintzberg as 10 management roles, which he classified into 3 groups. * Interpersonal Roles * Informational Roles * Decisional Roles 1. Interpersonal Roles The interpersonal roles are roles in which managers develop and maintain relationships. Interpersonal roles include the manager as figurehead, the manager as leader, and the manager as liaison. Figurehead: Managers being the head of a unit of an organization, represent their organization in ceremonial and symbolic activities, therefore serving as a figurehead. Leader: the responsibility to hire, train and motivate the people who work for the organization also lies with the managers, therefore making them the leader of the work force. Liaison: A manager performs the role of a liaison by building relationships with people outside the managers own unit. We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Roles and Skills specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Roles and Skills specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Roles and Skills specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the course of their liaison roles, managers may meet with peers, customers, corporate staff, and others. 2. Informational Roles In the course of performing informational roles, a manager acquires, processes and communicates information. The three informational roles are: Monitor: Managers continually scan the environment to pick up useful information by interacting with people within and outside their own units. Disseminator: as disseminators, managers share and distribute information they have acquired to people within the organization. Spokesperson: as spokesperson, manager provides information to people outside the organization. . Decisional Roles Decisional roles are those roles in which managers examine alternatives and then make choices and commitments. These decisions range from minor choices to major strategic decisions. The four decisional roles are: Entrepreneur: Managers initiate changes to improve their units or to adapt to changing conditions in the outside world. The se changes may involve new products, processes or solution to problems. Disturbance handler: as disturbance handler, managers make changes to solve unanticipatedproblems that result from forces beyond their control. Resource allocator: Managers make choices about the quantity of people, money and available material to be used to achieve the organizational goal. Negotiator: the role of negotiator involves bargaining with others to support the organizations goal. Managerial Skills Managers, whether top-level, middle-level, or supervisory-level, need specific skill to be effective in their job. Management expert Robert L. Katz identified three basic skills that managers need. Katz (1974) has identified three essential management skills. They are: 1. Conceptual Skills Conceptual skills enable the managers to see the organization as a whole, and to understand how the various parts of the organization inter-relate. By applying conceptual skills, managers are able to recognize the consequences of any actions they take. Conceptual skills include the ability to analyze a situation, determine the root of any problems or opportunities, and devise an appropriate plan. Once managers have assessed why such a situation has arrived, he can create plans to solve the problem or to help the organization capitalize on good situations. . Interpersonal Skills Interpersonal skills allow the managers to work well with and through other people and to communicate effectively within a group. It is also called human skills or people skills because good interpersonal skills enable a manager to encourage people to freely share their ideas without fear of being criticized. In addition to this, good interpersonal skills enable managers to understand the needs and motivation of others and make them cooperative members of groups in which they participate. 3. Technical Skills Technical skills are abilities enabling managers to use knowledge, methods, tools, techniques, and equipment to perform specialized tasks. Managers usually develop their technical skills through education and then by working in one or more functional areas of an organization such as accounting or marketing. Q2. Discuss the methods of shaping behavior in details. [10] Shaping is a conditioning procedure used primarily in the experimental analysis of behavior. It was introduced by B. F. Skinner  with pigeons and extended to dogs, dolphins, humans and other species. In shaping, the form of an existing response is gradually changed across successive trials towards a desired target behavior using differential reinforcement. The principles of shaping are present in everyday interactions with the environment. In the case of a human trainer employing shaping to change another organisms behavior, this procedure is used when giving verbal instructions   is impossible due to the absence of language or communication between the two. main are of two types s-r and r-s Methods of Shaping Behavior Extinction: According to operating conditioning, both good and bad behaviors are controlled by reinforced consequences. Identifying behavioral reinforces and removing them can decrease a behavior. An undesired behavior without reinforcement can diminish until it no longer occurs. This process is called extinction. Extinction can modify the behavior of a worker who spends much time talking or telling jokes. The attention of coworkers reinforces this behavior. If coworkers stop talking and laughing, the worker is likely to stop telling jokes. Although extinction is useful, it takes time to eliminate the undesired behavior. When behaviors need to stop immediately, managers may resort to punishment. Punishment: Punishment consists of administering a negative consequence when the undesired behavior occurs. Punishment is not the same as negative reinforcement. It decreases a behavior, whereas negative reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior. Punishment administers a negative consequence, whereas negative reinforcement removes a negative consequence. Reinforcement Reinforcement is the process that increases the probability that desired behaviors occur by applying consequences. Managers use reinforcement to increase the likelihood of higher sales, better attendance, or observing safety procedures. Reinforcement begins by selecting a behavior to be encouraged. Correctly identifying the behavior is important, or reinforcement will not lead to the desired response. A manager must decide if attendance at meetings is the desired behavior or attendance and participation. The manager would need to reinforce both behaviors if both are desired.

Funny Quotes to Celebrate the New Year

Funny Quotes to Celebrate the New Year Every New Year brings a chance to mark the passage of time, reflect on the past, and embrace the future. Some of us celebrate the occasion by partying into the wee hours of the morning; others struggle to stay awake to watch the clock hands move past twelve. We make resolutions, only to break them; we promise to do better, try harder, be better, but oftentimes fall short as life gets in the way. The humorous quotes below, though, will help you start the New Year smiling. Mark Twain New Years is a harmless annual institution, of no particular use to anybody save as a scapegoat for promiscuous drunks, and friendly calls and humbug resolutions. New Years Day now is the accepted time to make your regular annual good resolutions. Next week you can begin paving hell with them as usual. Brooks Atkinson Drop the last year into the silent limbo of the past. Let it go, for it was imperfect, and thank God that it can go. Bill Vaughan Youth is when youre allowed to stay up late on New Years Eve. Middle age is when youre forced to. An optimist stays up until midnight to see the New Year in. A pessimist stays up to make sure the old year leaves. P. J. ORourke The proper behavior all through the holiday season is to be drunk. This drunkenness culminates on New Years Eve, when you get so drunk you kiss the person youre married to. Jay Leno Now there are more overweight people in America than average-weight people. So overweight people are now average†¦which means, you have met your New Years resolution. James Agate New Years Resolution: To tolerate fools more gladly, provided this does not encourage them to take up more of my time. Eric Zorn Making resolutions is a cleansing ritual of self-assessment and repentance that demands personal honesty and, ultimately, reinforces humility. Breaking them is part of the cycle. Charles Lamb New Years Day is every mans birthday. Judith Christ Happiness is too many things these days for anyone to wish it on anyone lightly. So lets just wish each other a bile-less New Year and leave it at that. Anonymous Many people look forward to the New Year for a new start on old habits. A New Years resolution is something that goes in one year and out the other. Last year’s resolution was to lose 20 pounds by Christmas. Only 30 pounds to go. Remember when we were young and wanted to stay up for New Year’s? Now we are old and all we want to do is sleep. May the New Year bring you significantly more joy than the holidays did. Joey Adams May all your troubles last as long as your New Years resolutions! Oscar Wilde Good resolutions are simply checks that men draw on a bank where they have no account. Robert Paul Im a little bit older, a little bit wiser, a little bit rounder, but still none the wiser. Robert Clark I would say Happy New Year but it’s not happy; it’s exactly the same as last year except colder.

How to Write a Response Essay to an Article

How to Write a Response Essay to an Article How to Write a Response Essay to an Article Essays are mainly done in schools. They begin in the junior schools. Per level of education, different essays are done from the simplest to the complex ones depending on the level that one is in. Different essays are written for different reasons or are normally given under different instructions. Some of them are merely about creative writing while in others one has to do a research. This is where one does a research then after that they draft the essay depending on the research that they came up with. There are other essays that are done however. Essays that tend to respond to a certain article. The teacher gives the students an article then they are asked to answer the question asked in the article in an essay form. Such essays are response essays. The students will just read the article and they will answer according to how they feel mostly it is written in first person. Some of the students are not familiar to the essays so the teachers have to teach the students even if in college how to write a response essay to an article. The teachers mainly insist on the first part of the introduction that the students should read the article and understand it. They should read it at first for the first understanding. This is because this is where their response will be based. They will answer the question depending on how they will understand the article. The second thing that they should do is that they should now read the article thoroughly. Therefore to ensure that they understand the article and they will give the right response, they should read the article a number of times. As they read the article they should be able to make some notes that will help them in their response. They should be able to get some impressions as they tread the article and they should be able to put them in a way that they will help them in their response. Write as many points as you can depending on the impressions that you will get. Then after that, write an outline of those impressions. This will help you know whether you have the right impression or not. After writing the outlines then explain them on the basis of the article that you have. This way you will have the evidence that supports your work. After you have all this work then go ahead and draft your response essay. Whatever you will write then is the best that you could have therefore do not feel ashamed of what you have written. After the writing now you can submit the response. At writing company you can get professional response essay writing help from experts. Custom response essays written from scratch!

Right Thumb Pain Child Treatment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Right Thumb Pain Child Treatment - Case Study Example Attending day care with other children. At home, he is left under the care of a house-help who is employed to take care of an ailing grandparent living with the family.Playful and loves pets, has two pet cats at home. He likes playing with other children and sometimes takes his two pets with him to play.O/E: The child is in pain, with an open wound on the dorsal side of the right thumb. The bite is 2 cm long and canine marks are also visible on the frontal side of the thumb. The hand is inflamed from the carpal tunnel distally. The patient however guards the whole hand and does not agree to be touched. Only the mother can touch.HEAD AND NECK: No abnormality detected.Hands: Both hands are strong, with normal range of motion and symmetry. The right hand is inflamed from wrist joint downwards and the patient guards the entire hand and reports pain.No other abnormal observation on assessment.Right Wrist and thumb: NADRt. Thumb: superficial wound on anterior aspect of proximal phalanx abo ut 0.5cm in diameter. 1cm in depth (Dealey 2005, p.57).No bleeding noted, slight swelling around the bite wound, no erythema, no atrophy, no sign of infection, no bruising.ROM: Active: Flexion- full range; with minimal pain on anterior aspect of distal phalanx Extension- full range; pain free movementAdduction- full range; with minimal pain on anterior aspect of distal phalanxMedial Rotation- full range; with minimal pain on anterior aspect of distal phalanx

Hamlet's antic disposition. Is his madness feigned or real Research Paper

Hamlet's antic disposition. Is his madness feigned or real - Research Paper Example The spontaneity of the act that he puts on seems, at a later stage, to have led commentators on the play to have thought that his was not an act in the first place. His disavowal of what later we realize was a true love for Ophelia, is one of the incidents in the play that are cited to damn Hamlet as insane. The vision of the ghost, some say, seems to be a vision of a madman, who has been deranged by the death of his father and what seems to him a betrayal by his mother. These, for some critics are also validated by his musings on the very nature of death during the graveyard scene. Coupled with a suicidal tendency, these musings of one of Shakespeare’s most famous characters leads not an insignificant number of critics to believe that his state of mind is not one of sanity. All of these, however, can be refuted if one is to look at the play from another perspective. Hamlet, G. Wilson Knight says, presents an antithesis to what the Danish court stands for, life. Whether this i s a result of his direct encounter with death is unclear. However, his musing on death and his rejection of Ophelia are instances where he rejects the vital activities of life. He contemplates suicide, another instance of his revulsion for the life and vitality that are represented by the other members of the court. Knight affirms the essential righteousness of the aims of Hamlet. Deprived of his rights and parental love, Hamlet is morally superior to Claudius who has murdered his own brother out of love for the throne and for Gertrude. However, Hamlet remains in Knight’s words, a â€Å"negation of life† (Knight 187). It is this distance from vitality that places Hamlet in a position where he appears to be insane. To make my point clearer, I shall make a reference to Michel Foucault’s theories of insanity. Foucault saw insanity as a deviation from the normal codes of society. It is, according to him, a means employed by the so-called ‘sane’ society to define itself, that is, it serves as a kind of touchstone for mainstream society (Foucault). Hamlet, here is such a severe contrast to the life-affirming but wicked Claudius and the majority of the other characters that are faithful to him, that he appears to be an aberration. This has been construed as insanity by many. However, this would be to state that in some way or the other, Hamlet can be seen as a mad person. This does not present the facts in a true light. The standard, against which Hamlet’s behavior seems to be a deviation from the norm, is that of the Danish court. However, the moral values that Hamlet employs are those of Renaissance humanism (Kettle 238). Hamlet is a highly educated person. His values are shaped by the dominant ideology of the time, humanism, which talked about the ability of man to rise to infinite heights which were unthought-of before. Seen in this context, the very pessimism that we had attributed to Hamlet seems to be an optimistic atti tude that has seen through the facade of the Danish court. The baseness of the king and his followers rankles Hamlet, one who has recognized the infinite potential of man. What Marcellus unwittingly says about the condition of Denmark , Something is rotten in the state of Denmark (1.4. 90) is exactly what Hamlet feels about the state of his homeland. It is against this backdrop that Hamlet appears to be ins

Internet Is Most Influential Invention in American History Essay Example for Free

Internet Is Most Influential Invention in American History Essay The United States of America who has been ruling the power in technology, communication and in every other field with advance from its history and giving birth to new generation invention which human mind can’t â€Å"even think off from early dreams of global information networks to the dominance of the World Wide Web, networked computers have changed the way Americans interact with the world†. (Inventing the Internet Age Science and Technology CBC Archives) In the history of America, the Information Technology in such Internet has been the best power as its kind in the communication, new inventions, science, business and specially for the students who are in the field of science and technology they have been getting help from the internet and they have proved to be the best and always had the Country name on the top. The Internet is a worldwide network of thousands of computers and computers network working together for the upliftment of the human in information and communication technology. It has been a great invention by the human mind and a great achievement in information technology. â€Å"In the history of America in 1956 we found this conference and concept which gave birth to the field of AI as a vibrant area of interdisciplinary research, and provided an intellectual environment to all successive computer research and development efforts†. This new field made the human mind thinks to create Internet which works more professionally from its own parts. In the history of Defense of United States the first research and development was made by Paul Baran’s who started his work at (RAND). RAND was founded in Santa Monica, California who started working after the Second World War and started operational research skills developed by US military to manage them. The first wide area computer network was established by the United States Air Force in 1959 which was used to recognize and respond after a nuclear attack and with the new inventions in the US Defense the system got more organized and developed. (Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence (AI) Conference) Later in 1960s the Internet has grown from a single experimental network serving a dozen sites in the United States to a network of networks linking millions of computers worldwide. There were many scientist and great inventors who worked hard that allowed the Internet to develop. â€Å"At that time there was collaboration and conflict among remarkable scientists, including government and military agencies, computer scientists, graduate students, telecommunications companies, standards organizations, and network users†. (Networks: Syllabus of Readings for Complex Adaptive systems) In the history of 1964, the Norbert Wiener won the US National Medal of Science. In the same year Norbert published one of his last book called God and Golem† which included certain points where cybernetics impinges on religion which latter had a dominant influences on later generation of scientists and made tons of scientists to research into the potential to extend human capabilities. â€Å"Norbert change the way everyone thought about computer technology and that influencing several later developers of the internet which includes J. C. R Licklider†. (Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence (AI) Conference) In the same year Marshall McLuhan’s made a new theory which is still remembered by the name of â€Å"Global Village† to make every one think about the social effects and the world-shattering effects that has made the changed around the world. He tried to change the concept about the media, technology and communication. McLuhan highlighted this theory of his named with global village from his observation and researchers that the electronic (media) was swiftly integrating the globe. If we go pass by the history of internet which is now been very common source of information and communication to every single human on this universe. Sir Bill Gates, who is the Chairman of Microsoft company has invented a programming language basic for the first microcomputer in the history in 1973, after that in the same year Internet and Transmission Control Protocols were initially developed by the great American Scientist Vinton Cerf, who worked for the United States department of Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which was directed by American Engineer Robert Kahn. At first, by the help of Advance Research Project Agency who linked several universities and research laboratories in the United States. After 16 years of development and researches world wide web was developed by the great English computer scientist Timothy Berners-Lee who worked under European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), the design of the internet was done in 1973 and published in 1974 the hard work resulting the internet in 1983, a number of demonstration were made by the great scientists of different universities. Moreover from the (ARPANET) which grew in 1970’s Leonard Kleinrocks and his mates worked over the design and performance of packet switched network latter UCLA Netwatch Program performed similar functions Kleinrocks and his team did for ARPANET but the great achievement of Kleinrocks was that he connected SDS Sigma 7 Computer to an interface massage processors which became the first node on ARPANET and the first computer ever on internet in early September 1969. After that in early 1996 the internet interconnected more than 25 million computers in more than 180 countries all over the world. With the interconnection of computer networks and different machines to communicate directly through internet had made the United States rule over everything from the last era. Not just the interconnection but the global interconnection of the United States government who deals around the world so easily with the modern technology, interconnection in the education which has made the best universities all over the world and is making the best scientists, doctors, engineers and with the business network which is available in the public around the world with one click..

Whales Essay -- essays research papers fc

Whale weighs as much as 20 elephants but lives beneath the sea. The blue whale is Earth's largest animal. Larger than the largest of ancient dinosaurs, blue whales can grow to be more than 100 feet (30 meters) long and weigh nearly 150 tons. Not all whales are so large. The much smaller pilot whale grows to about 28 feet (8.5 meters) in length. And dolphins, which belong to the whale family, range only from 3 to 13 feet (1 to 4 meters). Although whales spend their lives in the sea, they are, like humans, warm-blooded mammals. After a baby whale is born, it nurses on its mother's milk, just like the young of land mammals. Whales are members of the order Cetacea, along with dolphins, porpoises, and the narwhal. There are two basic types of living cetaceans: baleen, or whalebone, whales of the scientific suborder Mysticeti; and toothed whales of the suborder Odontoceti. General Characteristics Whales live in all of the open seas of the world, though some occasionally enter coastal waters. Some species, such as the white whale, or beluga, may travel upstream in large rivers. Some species migrate with the seasons; others remain year-round in the same habitats, where they find their preferred food. The present-day distribution and abundance of some species has been greatly influenced by the commercial whaling industry. Whalers eliminated or greatly reduced the numbers of some species of baleen whales in certain oceanic regions where whales once frolicked in abundance. This is particularly true in parts of the Arctic Ocean and the eastern North Atlantic Ocean, where the blue whale was almost completely exterminated in the early 1900s. Some species of whales, however, are numerous today in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. The skin of whales is usually black, gray, black and white, or all white. Some, such as the blue whale, have skin that is bluish-gray. The surface of the skin is smooth, but like other mammals, whales have hair. Hair first appears while the fetal whale is still developing inside its mother's womb. In adult whales, hair is confined primarily to a few bristles in the head region and is largely absent over most of the body. Whales that live in polar regions are insulated from the extreme cold by a layer of blubber, or fat, enveloping their bodies. Baleen Whales The baleen whales inc... ...usion In 1946 the International Whaling Commission (IWC) was established to set up the guidelines followed by whaling nations today. The sizes, kinds, locations, and seasons of catches are controlled. However, strong international politics came into play, and some nations steadfastly voted against, or even ignored, restrictions that were not economically advantageous. The limitations were passed almost too late for the blue whale, which had already declined to dangerously low numbers in all oceans. The once large populations of blue whales in the eastern North Atlantic were almost brought to extinction. Today, fewer than 500, and possibly as few as 100, are found there. In 1971 the United States declared all commercially exploited whales endangered species and made it illegal to import any whale products. The United States lists the blue, bowhead, finback, gray, humpback, right, sei, and sperm whales as endangered species. Therefore, we should take goof care of whale. Works Cited Cousteau, Jacques, and Paccalet, Yves. Whales (W.H. Allen, 1998). Tinker, S.W. Whales of the World (Bess Press, 1997). Day, David. The Whale War (Sierra Club Books, 1997).

Cat’s Cradle Theme Analysis Essay

Vonnegut’s intriguing story of a writer sent to San Lorenzo pits science and truth against religion and lies. The few characters of Cat’s Cradle illustrate one trait or the other, with John, the main character and â€Å"writer† of the memoir which is the book, observing and attempting to understand each point of view. As John learns of San Lorenzo’s banned religion, Bokononism, and explores the lives of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb and a new, dangerous, chemical called Ice-nine, he finds himself searching for his reason of living as well. Through John’s character, Vonnegut exemplifies this theme of an overall search for moral structure and a purpose for life. In order to organize the development of the theme, Vonnegut begins his novel by creating a sense of pointlessness for the characters to build off of, a blank slate. Newt, the son of Felix Hoenikker, who was the creator of the Atomic Bomb and Ice-nine, creates this mood in his description of the yarn game â€Å"Cat’s Cradle†. He asks John to point out the cat and cradle in the yarn formation, which he obviously can’t; Vonnegut is commenting on humanity’s attempts to find meaning where no meaning exists. It is with this notion in mind that John begins his exploration of science and religion. Science is John’s first stop in his search for purpose. The author points out that in scientist’s desperate search for truth, which seems to be the only thing with importance, they aren’t intelligent enough to realize that the â€Å"truth† is given a false connotation. In the Hoenikker’s case, the â€Å"truth† was the basis for millions of people being killed by the atomic bomb and the end of the world through Ice-nine. So, truth is rejected as innately good, which leaves John with nothing but lies and religion. However, in San Lorenzo, lies and religion are a good combination. John is introduced to Bokononism when he gets his hands on a copy of The Books of Bokonon. The basis of this religion is that anything considered good, whether it be an organization, a cause, or a religion, is based on foma, or lies. Vonnegut comes back to his original point of humanity trying to give things meaning. John has only experienced the futility of this concept, but through Bokonon, he is able to see a different and more easily acceptable argument: â€Å"Live by the harmless untruths that make you brave and kind and healthy and happy (Vonnegut 265, The Books of Bokonon).† He begins to understand what Bokonon was getting at: that in attempting to give the world meaning, men lied in order to make life more interesting. John’s character travels through Vonnegut’s moral maze, beginning with a supposedly meaningless world, finding that truth isn’t always â€Å"good†, and realizing that lies are not only behind everything, but are good for the soul. Vonnegut’s character and theme come to rest when Ice-nine has replaced the world’s water and brought to pass the end of the world. John, as one of the only people left living, finally understands and accepts Bokonon’s idea that, although foma may be dangerous or harmful, lies are what make life worth living.

Unit 37 Understanding Business Ethics

Unit 37 – Understanding Business Ethics Explain at least 3 general activities from an ethical viewpoint your chosen business needs to consider in its operational activities. Describe how the business is attempting to show its stakeholders that it is aware of the ethical concerns that apply. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. Business ethics Business ethics is the accepted set of moral values and corporate standards of conduct in a business organization.The specifics of what this actually means can vary from one organization to another. Task 1/P1 Include the following, which should explain: Virgin Airlines operational activities A Virgin Atlantic employee has resigned following allegations she passed on eight celebrities' flight details to paparazzi agency Big Pictures in 2010. Among those reportedly affected were Tottenham Hotspur player Jermaine Defoe, actress Sienna Miller and singer Cheryl Cole, the Guardian reported. Virgin Atlantic has said it is investigating while Defoe's spokeswoman said he was consulting lawyers.The employee has denied the allegations. Other celebrities named by the paper include Ms Cole's ex-husband, the Chelsea footballer Ashley Cole, actresses Scarlett Johansson and Gwyneth Patrol and pop stars Robbie Williams and Nicole Scherzinger. http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/uk-17637277 Virgin started a trial of free Wireless In-flight Entertainment on a few selected air crafts; the idea was to see if flight entertainment boosted annual profits, they wanted to provide state of the art systems including 300 hours of movies, TV shows and music all available on your own device.The device can be accessed on an iPod, iPhone, iPod, and laptops this shows that Virgin is also in touch with modern technology Virgin yet needs to consider potential price changes for the customers and how this might effect them travelling with the company. Vi rgin Atlantic has reduced fuel emissions by 100,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually following the introduction of innovative, new flight software. New, innovative computer software will save Virgin Atlantic almost 20 million and reduce fuel emissions by 100,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually, it has emerged.The sophisticated system can pin-point accurately where fuel can be used more efficiently, monitoring 300 different points during each flight and enabling the airline to reduce fuel burn significantly. As a result the airline can now boast impressive emission cuts and savings of of ? 20 million. http://www. clickgreen. org. uk/news/national-news/123721-airline-virgin-atlantic-reveals-100,000-tonnes-of-annual-co2-savings. html Virgin airlines mission Statement and corporate aims and objectives?Virgin airlines mission statement says that they want to provide safety, security and consistent delivery of the basics that are the foundation of everything that they do. Virgin also h as their aims and objectives. These aims are to provide their passengers with pleasurable flying experience from the time they book the flight to the time the plane lands at their destination. Virgin Atlantic also want provide a cost affective way to travel which appeals to all classes.How Virgin Airline attempts to show its stakeholders that it is aware of the ethical concerns Virgin have already created more than 200 branded company’s world wide, employing approximately 50,000 people, in 29 countries Virgin have Corporate social responsibility (CSR) which is how companies manage the business process to produce an overall positive impact on society, Virgin are now doing this by delivering brand values, which are: value for currency, superior quality, dazzling customer service, pioneering, competitively testing and fun. to provide a quality service by motivating employees and to assist and examine consumer feedback. Virgin value all its stakeholders which is anyone who is inv olved in the running of the business, they are an essential part of virgin production and brand and keeping trust in Virgin is one of their core values. In 2006 the group defined a Code of Conduct, covering human rights, environmental concern and business ethics issues. Virgin also launched 3 non for profit projects.These where Virgin earth, Virgin Green Fund and Virgin Unite Virgin Earth rewards a $25 million dollar prize for inventing a method or design of anthropogenic and atmospheric greenhouse gases removal which results in Earths climate stability. http://www. examiner. com/article/a-company-profile-virgin P2 Task 2 Explain the implications, benefits and drawbacks for the business and its stakeholders of operating ethically and any conflicts of interest between different stakeholders, with reasons. The meaning of stakeholders and why they are important to the business with regards to ethical behaviour.Stakeholders are anyone that makes a significant difference or shares and in terest in the overall success and running of the business e. g. the stakeholders in Virgin are the shareholders, management and employees, customers and suppliers, banks, government, trade unions, pressure groups. At Virgin they like to promote good ethical behaviour because they want a good reputation among all the stakeholders, if Virgin behaves ethically then this can attract more and more stakeholders such as suppliers and customers, which in turn can boost the annual profit.Virgin’s stakeholders play a vital role in the progress of the company which is why Virgin needs to behave ethically. This means that all the staff must be treating fairly by complying with all legislation, to attract good employees, always creating new jobs; recently Virgin has decided to go into banking by putting in a bid to buy Northern Rock, the banks today are responsible for our current economic state thus far, Sir Richard Branson ( Virgin Owner) wants put the trust back in banking and shake up the sector, Branson seams like he genially shares an interest in society, he makes comments such as we genuinely try to do what’s right. Any company that does that, hopefully, gets a good, positive brand, and if you’re not trying to do what is right in life, then your brand is damaged. We like to run our company ethically. ’ Richard Branson sets a persona of a person who cares about the public, which proves beneficial to the company because people are more likely to take an interest due to Virgin running its business ethically. The reasons for conflict of interest between stakeholdersTheir are many reasons for conflict of interest between businesses, at Virgin more than 300 GPs decided to end their partnerships with Richard Branson's Virgin Care to provide healthcare services after criticism that the arrangements might see doctors personally profit from sending patients to clinics they part-own under the coalition's health reforms. Under Virgins former name Ass ura, set up 24 local companies, knows as GPCOS which wanted the NHS to fund them to offer community services such as dermatology, physiotherapy and rheumatology to patients this was all run as partnerships with local GPS.The government decided to force GPs to commission health services but they put family doctors in a position of conflict of interest. As a result of this Virgin had taken over the provider companies, they released the doctors from there obligations, and talks with the GPS have been going on for around 18 months. http://www. guardian. co. uk/society/2012/oct/24/doctors-virgin-partnership-conflict-of-interest The benefits and drawbacks of ethical practice to the business on the way in which it is operating and give reasons with examples.Richard Branson ( Virgins owner) likes to make sure that society believe and trust in the company, recently Sir Richard Branson offered a $25m prize for scientists who find away to prevent the threatening effects off climate change to o r planet. Richard Branson’s is trying to offer scientists incentives to come up with a way to extract greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Richard Branson understands the importance of behaving ethically and has shown an interest in the future of the planet, also by him doings so he encourages other organisations to match this by operating in a similar more positive way. Task 3Assess how your selected business could improve the ethics of their operations. †¢Assess how your selected business could change or alter some of its practices, showing how the changes would contribute to ethical behaviour, with reference the 3 issues discussed in Task 1, (eg Walker’s Crisps altering the fat and salt content in their crisps to address consumer health; Europe’s largest oil and gas companies planning to survey their suppliers to establish, for the first time, a global database on supplier corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies to check compliance with treatment of the environment, workers and customers. This task addresses M1 In comparison to all the over airlines Virgin Atlantic by far operates the most ethically, like most companies they still have problems within the airline, recently their has been conflict with Virgin and its customers. It came to light that their has been an issue with a member of staff leaking information to the media about who and when, celebrity’s and politicians where traveling on the airline this matter has serious implications, although this is simply immoral, it effects the privacy of the individual and could potentially put the person in danger.Following these allegations in the press in April Virgin voluntary contacted the information Commissioners office and fully assisted with the enquiries, they couldn’t find any other evidence of other members of staff leaking the information and breaking the data protection act, however this is a matter that Virgin takes seriously as it says in the missio n statement that they want to provide safety and security. In my opinion they should take action to prevent this from happening again.I think Virgin should improve the way they structure the recruitment process by asking more questions in the interviews that are relative to this matter, such as have you ever work for the media? Do you have any friends that work for the press? I also think that how they handle personal information needs to improve and should be looked at again to see if their are any loop wholes of gaining access to this type of information. Virgin media needs to keep matching its reputation if the company wants to keep up the trust it’s built over the last few years.I also spoke about Virgin having free wireless internet and flight entertainment on the planes this has proved to rapidly boost of annual profits, I only have one idea to improve this idea and that is to make this device available to all classes not just upper class individuals. Virgin still need to change the price but I think if they didn’t do this so vigorously and applied the idea to lower class passengers more people would then fly with Virgin and enjoy the experience.Virgin Atlantic has reduced fuel emissions by 100,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide saving them 20 million each year, Virgin have worked with emissions specialists CICS and environ to assess both the emissions of the air craft operations and the carbon foot print. I think this puts Virgin in a good position and most certainly makes them look like a well organised ethical business. I would recommend Virgin to promote this idea to over airlines; this should work because although they are taking into account global warming they are reducing expenses which n turn will lead to an increase in profit. Task 4 Evaluate the impact the changes and suggestions from Task 3 would have on the selected business and its stakeholders. This will need to be supported with evidence of research. Related to your chosen organis ation, select 2 stakeholders and explain the relationship between these stakeholders and the organisation. I have chosen to work on the relationship between 2 stakeholders in Virgin Atlantic; these stakeholders are the employers and the employees who work for the organisation.The relationship between these stakeholders and the organisation is tied to the success of the business e. g. In task 3 I talked about why staff leaking information to the media would affect the customers, this is because the customers in this case who were people in the public eye did not want the public to know when or where they were traveling. This concerned the customers; if you are making your customers concerned about their safety then they are less likely to use your organisation which in turn will mean a loss of profit.I thought of a solution to try and prevent this from happening again, the idea was to find out information about potential employees at the interview stage, and to offer good incentives for employers who report these people, this act would also let them know that leaking information has been an issue and might make them think twice about doing this in the future, in my opinion the more you make your staff aware about these issues their is less chance of them reacquiring. Evaluate how the suggested changes and suggestions on ethical practice will impact on the stakeholders and the business.I think with staff signing more legal documents and training staff to look out for people not complying with company policy and offering incentives for them to catch these people, will lead to the customers preferably upper class customers gaining more trust when using the airline, because their has been some bad press about the information leak, it has had a knock on effect on the image of the business and now Virgin needs to put the trust back into the business. With this idea they can almost reassure customers that any information on the whereabouts can be considered safe. With the practice in place it will take a lot of

Carbon Facts - Atomic Number 6 or C

Carbon Facts - Atomic Number 6 or C Carbon is the element with atomic number 6 on the periodic table with symbol C. This nonmetallic element is the key to the chemistry of living organisms, primarily due to its tetravalent state, which allows it to form four covalent chemical bonds with other atoms. Here are facts about this important and interesting element. CarbonBasic Facts Atomic Number: 6 Symbol: C Atomic Weight: 12.011 Discovery: Carbon exists free in nature and has been known since prehistoric time. The earliest known forms were charcoal and soot. Diamonds were known in China at least as early as 2500 BCE. The Romans knew how to make charcoal from wood by heating it in a covered container to exclude air.  Renà © Antoine Ferchault de Rà ©aumur showed iron was transformed into steel by the absorption of carbon in 1722. In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier demonstrated diamonds were carbon by heating diamond and charcoal and measuring the released carbon dioxide per gram. Electron Configuration: [He]2s22p2 Word Origin: Latin carbo, German Kohlenstoff, French carbone: coal or charcoal Isotopes: There are seven natural isotopes of carbon. In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights. Carbon-12 accounts for 98.93% of naturally-occurring carbon, while carbon-13 forms the other 1.07%. Biochemical reactions preferentially use carbon-12 over carbon-13. Carbon-14 is a radioisotope that occurs naturally. It is made in the atmosphere when cosmic rays interact with nitrogen. Because it has a short half-life (5730 years), the isotope is almost absent from rocks, but the decay can be used for radiocarbon dating of organisms. Fifteen isotopes of carbon are known. Properties: Carbon is found free in nature in three allotropic forms: amorphous (lampblack, boneblack), graphite, and diamond. A fourth form, white carbon, is thought to exist. Other allotropes of carbon include graphene, fullerenes, and glassy carbon. Diamond is one of the hardest substances, with a high melting point and index of refraction. Graphite, on the other hand, is extremely soft. The properties of carbon depend largely on its allotrope. Uses: Carbon forms numerous and varied compounds with limitless applications. Many thousands of carbon compounds are integral to life processes. Diamond is prized as a gemstone and is used for cutting, drilling, and as bearings. Graphite is used as a crucible for melting metals, in pencils, for rust protection, for lubrication, and as a moderator for slowing neutrons for atomic fission. Amorphous carbon is used for removing tastes and odors. Element Classification: Non-Metal Toxicity: Pure carbon is considered to be non-toxic. It may be eaten as charcoal or graphite or used to prepare tattoo ink. However, inhalation of carbon irritates lung tissue and can lead to lung disease. Carbon is essential for life, as it is the building block for proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats. Source: Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. It is the 15th most abundant element in the Earths crust. The element forms in giant and supergiant stars via the triple-alpha process. When stars die as supernovae, carbon is scattered by the explosion and becomes part of the matter integrated into new stars and planets. Carbon Physical Data Density (g/cc): 2.25 (graphite) Melting Point (K): 3820 Boiling Point (K): 5100 Appearance: dense, black (carbon black) Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 5.3 Ionic Radius: 16 (4e) 260 (-4e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.711 Debye Temperature ( °K): 1860.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 2.55 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1085.7 Oxidation States: 4, 2, -4 Lattice Structure: Diagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.570 Crystal Structure: hexagonal Electronegativity: 2.55 (Pauling scale) Atomic Radius: 70 pm Atomic Radius (calc.): 67 pm Covalent Radius: 77 pm Van der Waals Radius: 170 pm Magnetic Ordering: diamagnetic Thermal Conductivity (300 K) (graphite): (119–165) W ·m−1 ·K−1 Thermal Conductivity (300 K) (diamond): (900–2320) W ·m−1 ·K−1 Thermal Diffusivity (300 K) (diamond): (503–1300) mm ²/s Mohs Hardness (graphite): 1-2 Mohs Hardness (diamond): 10.0 CAS Registry Number: 7440-44-0 Quiz: Ready to test your carbon facts knowledge? Take the Carbon Facts Quiz Return to the Periodic Table  of Elements Sources Deming, Anna (2010). King of the elements?. Nanotechnology. 21 (30): 300201. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/30/300201Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

How to Calculate Your ACT Composite Score, Plus 5 Strategies

How to Calculate Your ACT Composite Score, Plus 5 Strategies SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Your ACT Composite Score is an important part of your college applications. In this guide, we show you how exactly to calculate your ACT Composite Score from each of your section scores. More importantly, we give you custom strategies on how to use your Composite Score to adapt your ACT prep. Read on... Calculating Your ACT Composite Score The ACT has four core sections (English, Math, Reading, and Science), with one optional section (Writing). Each of the four sections has a score that ranges from 1 (lowest) to 36 (highest). The Writing score is a separate score, ranging from 2 (lowest) to 12 (highest). Your Composite Score is the average (the arithmetic mean) of your four core section scores, with these important points: The Composite is rounded to the nearest whole number. Scores ending in 0.5 or higher are rounded UP to the nearest whole number. Here are a few examples of ACT section and Composite scores: Test English Math Reading Science Average Final Composite Test 1 21 23 24 19 21.75 22 Test 2 23 23 22 25 23.25 23 Test 3 24 24 23 23 23.5 24 Get the hang of it? The ACT also uses a combined English/Reading/Writing score, called an ELA score. Honestly, this isn't used that often and isn't that important for college admissions, so I would suggest not worrying about it. Before diving too deep into your ACT prep, you should also know your target ACT Composite Score, which is largely based on which schools you'll be applying to. Calculating an ACT Composite Score is pretty simple. The more important part is knowing what ACT Composite Scoring means for your study strategy. 5 Strategies for Raising Your Composite Score Your goal on the ACT is to get the highest Composite Score possible. The Composite Score is by far the most important ACT score used in college admissions, beyond any individual section score. Colleges will use this score to compare you to the thousands of other applicants to that school. This means that raising your Composite Score can have a disproportionate effect on your admissions chances. We all know that raising your score overall by getting better at the test is the obvious way to improve your score. But let's dig into more specific strategies: Even just one extra point on a single section can increase your Composite Score. For example, in the Test 2 example above, if the student re-took the test but improved his English from a 23 to a 24, his average would increase from a 23.25 to a 23.5, and his final Composite would increase from 23 to 24. You can bet this increase makes a difference in college admissions. Therefore, if you've taken the ACT just once or twice, definitely retake the test because your Composite Score is likely to improve. Focus your initial prep on your weakest section,which will give you the most room to grow. For example, if you scored a 16 on Science but a 24 on all the other sections, your Science section is clearly dragging your Composite Score down. If you improve your Science section by four points, your Composite will increase by a point. Writing is less important than the four core sections. If you have limited time to study, concentrate that time on raising your Composite Score. Your target schools may emphasize either English/Reading or Math/Science. Given the same Composite Score, engineering schools will favor a higher Math/Science score over English/Reading. If you plan to major in the humanities, the opposite is true. Focus your time on the sections that are more important for your college goals. Some schools use the 'highest combined Composite Score', aka the 'superscore.' This basically means that the school will take your best section score across all your tests, then combine them into your best possible Composite Score.If you're applying mainly to schools that use the superscore, you can focus on improving one section at a time, then combine all your tests together into your maximum Composite Score. Now that you know the importance of the ACT Composite Score and understand targeted strategies to improve it, read more to get deeper into our philosophy of how to improve your ACT scores. What's Next? Which colleges superscore the ACT?Check out our list of every college that uses ACT superscoring. What’s a good ACT score? Read our article on good, bad, and excellent ACT scores so you can identify and prepare for your target score. Need help on a specific section of the ACT? Read our guides to getting a 36 on ACT English, ACT Math, and ACT Reading. I also highly recommend this free guide to picking up some extra points on the ACT:

Conferance Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Conferance Paper - Essay Example Creative problem solving is a core component in finding solutions to the vast wastes by human growth and development that are compatible with the environment. Half of the current world population lives in urban centres and the rapid urbanisation has been a major challenge to scientists on how to maintain this population’s health without affecting the environment (Morrison & Rauch 2007). In a forum for research on the management and the effect that transportation has on the environment, some of the issues addressed included the traffic management, treatment, sustainable transport strategies, and increase on vehicle emissions, reduced air quality, and the quality of water (Morrison & Rauch 2007). 1. Introduction Environmental engineering is defined as the consolidation of engineering and science principles to better the natural environment with the aim of decontaminating polluted sites, and providing a comfortable habitation by all live organisms with clean healthy air, water an d land. It is a vast field with many obligations in the society. It is concerned with finding solutions for public health cases, implementing law, promoting sufficient sanitation in rural, urban and recreational centres, management of waste water, control of air pollution, proper disposal of wastes, recycling of materials and protection from radiation, industrial hygiene, and sustainability of the environment among other fields of application. Aside from this, environmental engineering is involved with public health issues and involves the understanding of environmental engineering law as well as the effect that proposed construction projects have on the environment. In the past, environmental engineering was considered a branch of civil engineering and was called sanitary engineering, but it has spawned from a component based on the development of processes and structures that addressed pollution and waste into a multi-disciplinary science that strikes a balance between different n eeds. Creative ways of solving problems are employed in the everyday activities of reducing the amount of waste and pollution in the environment without affecting the environment. For example, the creation of fish ladders in dams that allows fish such as salmon to migrate upstream for breeding purposes whose route is blocked by a human-made barrier such as a dam. As an environmental engineer, there is a task and an obligation to study the impact that advances in technology have on the environment by conducting studies on the management of hazardous waste material. These studies are aimed at determining the implications of these hazards, to give advice to relevant bodies on treatment and containment of the hazard and to develop rules to ensure safety of the public. Environment engineers are responsible for the design of municipal water supply and the system management of waste water in industries. Environment issues at both local and international levels such as global warming, the e ffects of acid rain, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from industrial sources and automobile exhausts (Beychok 2005). Environment engineers work with various environment protection agencies around the world that serve to protect and better the quality of water, air and the environment as a whole in order to prevent or reduce the effects of hazardous wastes on the

Discuss an issue in the news that has local, national or international Essay

Discuss an issue in the news that has local, national or international importance, and has importance to you - Essay Example Climate change is an issue that must be addressed sooner than soon. This paper is presented in support of all actions taken to curb climate change especially in the context of global warming. Elements of global warming and climate change dictate levels of sustainable development, agricultural production, economic growth and development as well current environmental welfare. These four factors are interrelated in the international context, thereby influencing the general welfare of the world. Sustainable development is entirely based on the environmental performance of any given country (Faucheux 17). It presents a scenario that accounts for the welfare of the current population as well as the generations to come. Sustainable development therefore links the present to the future. â€Å"The fundamental aspects of sustainable development cannot be refuted† (Faucheux 229). Meeting the current needs of the society has been challenged by the direction that environmental welfare has taken. On the same note, environmental degradation seems to exacerbate by the count of time. This process has given rise to the current trend of global warming, the main contributing element to climate change. The media through reporting and discussion of this issue has emphasized on the need to keep vigil about climate change trends in the world. Many forums have been held across the world in a bid to deliberate on the matters of climate change. This activity is not only aimed at making the national and internationals comfortable, knowing that climate change has been managed. Such purposes are pursued in the light of achieving some other set goals and objectives which are greatly influenced by these facts. Sustainable development is diverse and dynamic in the context of its analysis. It integrates social, political and economic factors in determining just how much it has been achieved. It therefore goes beyond the thought that

Research into the Marketing Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research into the Marketing Environment - Essay Example Therefore, the marketing mix designed cannot be uniform. To cater to the needs of different customers, companies have to rely on market segmentation. The markets may be segmented on the basis of demographic, geographic, psychographic, and behaviouristic. The markets can be segmented based on other factors as well such as geography. Let us look into PepsiCo as a particular company and it is affected. In this study, PESTEL analysis will be used to understand the effect of macro environment on PepsiCo and then suggest ways by which it can achieve smart objectives. PepsiCo is a multinational food and beverage corporation with its headquarters in the United States. Best on net revenue it is second largest food and Beverage Company in the world. Its revenue based on the 2013 data was 66,415.00 million USD and Gross profit levels were 35,340.00 million USD (PepsiCo Inc., 2014). Starting from its incorporation in Delaware in 1919 PepsiCo now has its presence in almost all countries starting from USA to New Zealand. PepsiCo has performed so well goes on to show that company has effectively and efficiently catered to the needs of various customers in various environments. It has understood the customer’s mentality correctly and has developed products that cater to their taste buds. For example, to be successful in Chinese market the company started manufacturing potato chips that are cucumber flavoured and which is not available in other countries. They got the idea of this flavour from a common Chinese dish named as â€Å"pai huanggua† (shredded cucumber) and surprisingly it is one of its best selling potato chips products in china (Ho, 2013). They have developed marketing strategy including use of celebrities with whom the customers can relate to for brand endorsement. For example, in their campaign for European market they have used David Beckham, for their campaign in India they have used celebrities such as Shah Rukh Khan and Sachin Tendulkar who have mass

Acting For The Camera Film Studies Essay

Acting For The Camera Film Studies Essay The goal of the Meisner technique has often been described as getting actors to Live truthfully under imaginary circumstances. (Silverberg 1994: 45), Critically examine this statement, with reference to at least three different screen dramas. It is the writers belief that to attempt to examine the statement a brief recap on Meisners acting predecessors should be included in this essay. Arguably Stanislavski can be called the foundation of modern acting techniques. Challenging himself to become a better acting practitioner than the melodramatic thespians of his time .Stanislavski found that they didnt form a connection to their character or the other actors and directed their dialogue directly at the audience .Through taking notes and trial and error; he came up with an acting system. He was greatly responsible for the revolutionary change in Russian theatre, making it more accessible to the masses. Many of his principles called upon the actor to draw upon their own experiences and take an analytical approach to the character to be portrayed. He created the If principle, what would you do in a situation out with your experience but is faced by the character. This principle challenges the actor to use their imagination .Stanislavski wanted actors to draw upon their own life experiences to create the truth of their character and not to invent falsehoods. His subsequent students and followers used and developed his techniques. When these teachings crossed continents into America they were altered, whether through linguistic translation or artistic interpretation. Stella Adler was a strong follower of his teachings and travelled to Europe to learn his techniques firsthand. Through working with Stella Adler and Lee Strasberg, Meisner built upon the Stanislavski system and developed his own technique. The Meisner technique is about the actors truthful reactions within an imaginary circumstance.Stanislavski`s system comes across as regimented and over analysed with actions /reactions preordained before being performed in comparison. Though there are more similarities than differences of these two practitioners techniques at the core. Both believe that the actors own life experiences should be draw upon to bring truth to their character. By reacting instinctually when in character within the parameters of the text under the imaginary circumstances fresh discoveries can be made. Discoveries about the characters behaviour and the actors subconscious interpretation of their reasoning. Even through intense analysis of the text, these discoveries might not have been brought out through intellectual study. This is the heart of his technique ,finding behavioural truths which freely happen when the actor is in the moment. The ultimate goals of these practices are to bring truthfulness and believability to the character. If the actor takes on this truth of character action /reactions and fully believes it themselves ,then the audience will also. In the theatre it is generally stated that the performance is life compressed onstage but for acting on camera this must be refined. The camera can follow the action up-close and pick up on moments of doubt or an actor going through the motions. The actor isnt banging it out to the cheep seats but striving to produce a condensed realistic piece of acting. The combination of the actors own life experiences and the character`s creates this living real life under imaginary circumstances. My first example of Meisners technique in action on screen was found in the Crying Game (1992) directed by Neil Jordan. A disillusioned member of the Irish republican army tries to drop off the radar and is pursued by fellow agents. After aiding in the kidnapping of a black British soldier ,Fergus forms a bond with his captive and agrees to look up his girlfriend if negotiations for his release fall through. The prisoner Jody escapes but Fergus cant bring himself to shoot his new friend but Jody is tragically killed by his own army when they accidently run him over. Fergus looks up the girlfriend Dil and almost immediately forms a relationship with her. When He discovers that he isnt the only one keeping secrets ,Fergus continues with this affair with his new love. The reveal in the film was shocking at the time as this new love Dil was actually a man. The scene that caught my attention was the kissing scene between Dil and Fergus . When Fergus says to Dil be a good girl, go inside. Dil looks directly into his eyes and replies, only if you kiss me. Fergus is taken aback by the directness of the statement and takes a moment to recover, moving forward to kiss her. He is loving but surprised and confused and it is evident on his face. The confusion that stems from kissing another man is made apparent by the snort Fergus makes and his downplaying of the significance of the kiss by asking, are you happy now? Dils reply, delirious is charged with anger at Ferguss reluctance to embrace his feelings. The scene is important for the way in which the feelings of the characters, rather than the words they say, portray the meaning of the scene. Dil and Fergus moving towards and away from each other, looking at each other but refusing to touch and make physical contact, the awkward and defiant postures they adopt, all show the physical and emotional attraction that exists between them, and Fergus repulsion at the idea of kissing a man. Both are highly emotional and make that emotion available to each other and the audience with only a secondary use of language. The scene is a remarkable achievement for the way in which it portrays the surprise and adventure, and the newness of the experience. The characters appear not to know what will happen, and yet are alive and expectant to what that might entail. They are prime examples of Meisners statement that, the quality of your acting depends on how fully you are doing what you are doing, . The second example is from Moon (2009) directed by Duncan Jones Set in the near future, earth natural recourses have been exhausted and the moon is now being mined. Loan astronaught Sam Bell is isolated and shut off from earth as communication is down. As he approaches the final month of his contract Sam has an accident outside in a moon vehicle. Waking up in the medi lab he slowly starts to realise all is not right when the computer tries to keep him confined. Venturing outside Sam finds the injured Sam and brings him back to the lab. Is Sam loosing his mind or is the company abusing their power by cloning him. Who is the real Sam and will the company let more than one version exist. In the chosen scene for this example the Sam who has been injured and almost completed his term is confronting the newly awaked clone Sam. Injured Sam is still not sure what he is experiencing is real while clone Sam is struggling to work out why this is happening. Even though this is a scene involving the same actor and the interaction are being imposed upon each other ,the momentum is not lost and the technology of the scene doesnt draw focus from the acting.Meisner trained Sam Rockwell gives two wholly believable distinctly different performances in this scene. A man loosing his mind against one who is struggling to maintain his sanity. The battle of wills while they fight over music is well choreographed and an extreme example of acting truthfully under imaginary circumstances. A third example of Meisners technique comes from his own performance in The Story on Page One (1959) directed by Clifford Odets. A married Jo Morris is a woman who is trapped in a loveless marriage to a domineering man who is abusive to their young daughter has an affair .Through a series of unfortunate events her lover Larry Ellis ,accidently kills the husband and they decide to cover up Larry`s presence .What follows is the subsequent trial by the legal system and tabloid press .Larrys domineering mother initially interfered in his budding relationship and causes more problems for the lovers during the trial. In this film, Meisner plays Phil Stanley the prosecuting attorney. After the accidental killing by Gig Young of his lovers husband, Meisner puts on a remarkable performance in the courtroom scenes. In scene after scene, the questioning and cross examination of Gig Young and the other witnesses in the case is carried out convincingly and intensely. Meisners technique, as demonstrated by the three screen performances used as examples in this paper, therefore lives up to Meisners own claim that acting should be to live truthfully under imaginary circumstances. The actors all appear to be reacting to genuine impulses and motivations, guided by their feelings and by compelling motivating factors.

a 1000 mile drive in the wrong direction :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As of late I have been feeling an immense hole in my life. My life journey feels as if it is nothing than a jumbled-up mess of confusion, heartbreak, betrayal, and lies. So with a life full of loss, like any normal college student would do, I joined the pity-party bandwagon and felt sorry for myself. In my â€Å"destined to roam the earth alone and useless† state I was positive there was nothing that would ever change my dreary outlook on life. I read a few books, prayed like crazy, talked to my parents, and even broke-down and sought advice from my crazy teenage sisters, but nothing changed. Alas a light glimmered though the dark mood I was in, and there was a sliver lining of hope on the distant horizon. That light was Waldorf’s very own Pastor Char.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’m not going to lie to you (and I don’t think pastor Char will be opposed to me telling the truth) -I went to her in desperation. I don’t know what it is about the â€Å"pastor† title, but I guess you just assume that they will instantly make everything better. Alas my assumptions failed me, Pastor Char did not have an answer to all the problems consuming my life or magic prayer that cured everything ailing me, but she did have a good dose of something that I think a lot of people need-honesty. I know it sounds crazy, but Pastor Char does not know everything. Fortunately she does have great insight, and I as I have found that I am not the only one in a bit of a faith struggle I have decided to share what I found with you. Bad advice is still advice, so take it for what it is and enjoy my pearls of knowledge (with a little help form Pastor Char). There are several times when the Bible talks about God sending people into the wilderness for some sort of faith journey. As I understand it, some poor lost soul wanders into the woods to find a new relationship with God, and wham bam thank you Ma'am, they’re healed. I read a bunch of these â€Å"wilderness journey† stories and, well to be honest I thought they were crap- I know I am in dangerous territory at a Christian college, but no worries my skeptic friends†¦I will vindicate my harsh accusations. My problem lies in the journey, or lack there of.

The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives

For most parts of history, government financial executives have been taken as scorekeepers, and made responsible for collecting, processing and reporting the financial information that used by elected officials and senior managers who use them in making their decisions. The question is whether their role has now changed with the present importance of information technology. (From Scorekeeper to Business Partner: The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) Now there is increasing evidence of the importance that information technology is getting in public administration and this is resulting in more and more insistence from the public that government financial executives have a greater say in all decision making activities of the government. The finance executives are now the individuals to lead the charge for getting an entrepreneurial type of government and have it judged based on its performance. For most of the finance executives now, the changes are leading to redesigning of entire processes related to finance, introducing best practices for financial management, improving and integrating financial management with other information management and in certain cases even shifting the responsibility of all financial operations to outsiders. The trend is now to change finance functions in a manner that control functions for financial expenditures are built into non-financial processes so that the non-financial manager also has to take up responsibility for the activities. From Scorekeeper to Business Partner: The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) This provides a lot more freedom to the finance experts to use their expertise for the purpose of finance. The attempt here is not to demean the traditional duties of government financial executives, as it is always important to comply with accounting and financial reporting that is required, make correct cash reconciliation and process all financial transactions in time. Yet, these activities were generally thought to be only the regular duties of the finance executives. (From Scorekeeper to Business Partner: The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) There are also finance officers at different levels and the state or provincial level executives who are the link to the local finance officers from the top. They meet rarely – generally once a year during annual conferences of some type or the other. The importance of these executives is in the fact that they represent their association at official ceremonies. (State and provincial representatives (Profiling GFOA)) The importance of financial officers is being increasingly recognized and in the preface to the GAAFR 2005, which is the set of guidelines to be followed. There are the summarization and specific revisions as also updates of the text of the 2001 edition: there is addition of all the amendments that were earlier included in the GAAFR Update supplement; there has been addition of new material which are connected to the GASB statements from 39 through 45; there has been addition of new material based on the guidance that had been given in the comprehensive implementation guide as given in the GASB 2004; that included a guidance that was given for the first time in relation to GASB statement 40; there was addition of a new section related directly to all school district issues; there was reworking of a significant number of chapters; the set of references to original material was increased to a large extent so that research on the subject could become easier; an expanded and revised glossary and a redesigned index. (Making the most of the New Blue Book) Thus the importance of the finance executives in operation of the government is certain ly realized and steps are being taken to help them in operation of their functions. This is because of the present importance of the functions of the finance executives which helps the government in various ways like helping operation managers develop the financial parts of business cases and proposals for new or expanded services; leading efforts to reposition and increase the funding sources which have not been appropriated like fees, rents, royalties and franchises; provide guidance for financing new and original ventures like setting up of revolving funds, getting into public and private partnerships, or even setting up of fee for service arrangements; help performance based management; to activate a level playing field for the competition between government and the private sector. From Scorekeeper to Business Partner: The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) Sometimes the finance executives are placed in situations beyond their capability and these results in many problems. One of the instances when this sort of event occurs is in situations when the elected person leaves it to the finance person to manage the affairs in even the small cities. Even they have become multi-million dollar enterprises today. The elected person may have been a merchant, homemaker, lawyer, community activist or anything else, but in general they have little understanding of public finance. This makes them rely on the administrators or auditors that they have in their organization. This is what happened in Orange County, California and the faulty investment strategy of the treasurer led to losses for the county of well over a billion dollars. The budget that is presented may be balanced, but that does not mean that the collection and disbursement of money is in proper order. (Guarding the Public Checkbook) In certain cases, for balancing the budget, easy methods are adopted; the money is drawn from reserves. This withdrawal can be done only once, yet the city of Miami followed this process for many years as the city had deficit operations and used bond collections to cover it up. The important matter is that the budget be balanced through the use of current revenues only. This can be understood by looking at the general fund balance sheet and the total requirement checked and the collected resources should exceed the requirements. Any management of a public corporation should be adding to the funds and not decreasing the funds by drawing from it. (Guarding the Public Checkbook) This is the primary responsibility of finance executives as they are able to understand financial statements the best. Yet problems of this nature keep on happening and a Senator in United States was shocked to learn that District of Columbia had received an unqualified audit opinion though it had a deficit as high as $700 million. The reply from the audit firm was that the financial statements were presented properly and â€Å"in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles†. Guarding the Public Checkbook) Thus the matter should have been determined by the accounting executives and brought to the notice of the people as it is their funds that are not in order. The job of the leadership is to decide where the body has to be taken, and the finance executives have to determine what is happening to the revenue base, what are the major problems for the body, what are the implications of the changes that have been made, and so on. When the issue of Orange County bankruptcy hit the headlines, the final truth was revealed that both the chief administrator and the treasurer did not know much about finance. This should have been mentioned by them and the decisions left to better qualified individuals. These sorts of problems come up when the recruitment and hiring processes are not correct. Otherwise someone should have realized that it all right to hire individuals who are not financial experts, but every organization must have at least one individual with that capacity. It is clear that elementary oversight must be practiced. In the case of Orange County, supervisor Bill Steiner clearly admitted that he did not know what questions he should have asked, and this finally made him an accomplice in the whole unfortunate affair. It is important that individuals in charge of recruitment develop the knowledge of asking relevant financial questions. Even when the problem was noted, another mess was nearly started when the county thought of using a sales tax increase as their method of getting out of the situation. The county had fallen into a position where it had to decide on privatization, program reduction, asset sales, etc. the county was trying to take a simple way out. It is clear today that the increase in tax was neither intelligent nor needed. The best advice for the county was to file for financial bankruptcy and this was provided by the Board of Supervisor, Thomas Reilly. (Guarding the Public Checkbook) It is clear that finance executives have an important role and they must live up to the expectations of the people who they are serving. However, like all other government officials, even accounting personnel have to provide leadership and one such case was in the disaster recovery effort after the Hurricane Ivan had struck northern Florida. They were a team of six high level managers who are normally accustomed to working in nice offices in a large organization. They had to toil from dawn to dusk in very high temperatures with steamy weather and there was no electricity. There was no fresh water and not a place for them to take a break. They had to do a lot of physical labor and adequate tools were not available. The food was just peanut butter, cheese from a tube, apples, and candy bars – and this was the same food for all three meals. Sleep was in the back of a cramped vehicle and that had no air-conditioning, and go through the same schedule for a few days. Yet in spite of all the difficulties the team were focused on there jobs, with cooperation and high enthusiasm. Yet the reasons why they had come were not due to government duty, but with the purpose of helping a colleague whose home had been badly damaged. (Unlocking the potential of Your Employees) The main story about all this is that the secret of making people work with a will is treating them like trusted and valued adults. They can work the best when there are clear goals and expectations with autonomy, feedback and appreciation. At the same time, it is essential that the leaders also show a certain amount of enthusiasm and human touch. The leaders have to continue working with the same energy and dedication while relinquishing some amount of control and authority. The attitude of the leaders to others must be one of empathy, or fellow feeling. On top of everything, no leader should feel that the leader knows best about all matters, and be ready to apologize when they make mistakes. These are certain behavioral techniques that help in getting the best help from employees. (Unlocking the potential of Your Employees) This appreciation of leadership role is useful to the chief financial officers and finance directors who are no longer being viewed as only scorekeepers but as trusted business advisors and partners. In the private sector, this change has been going on for quite some time, but it has started only recently in the government. This also determines the role of the financial executives and they have to spend most of their time in determining the correct strategic and operating decisions and spend much less time in earlier operations which used to take up a lot of time – like account reconciliation, payment processing and historical financial reporting. This is all being done in the machine, and thus the shift of the emphasis of the finance executive's direction is not requiring extra employment. (From Scorekeeper to Business Partner: The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) As a matter of fact, the size of employees in the finance function will reduce. The change in the role of the finance executive is occurring in all organizations. Considering the development that has taken place over the last few years, it is important for financial executives to strike a balance between their roles as score keeper and adviser. What is meant by balance is that the regular work also has to be finished, and at the same time take up a more important role in organizational development. The results of this change in the government organizations can be seen through improved budgetary processes that are now beginning to link funds allocation to performance achieved, innovative methods to recover administrative costs, and increased use of technology to reduce the need for reconciliation and useless data entry. The help from technology is high in the areas of account reconciliation, payment processing and historical financial reporting. From Scorekeeper to Business Partner: The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) One of the important measures of finance officers in local governments is now performance measures and that is driven by increasing demands from citizens for government accountability, increased interest from local legislators regarding performance related information so that better evaluation can be made of programs as also for resource allocation and the efforts from different organizations and professional associations to make governments targeted to results. The performance measures allow policy makers, managers and the general public find out the effectiveness of government services. The measurement of performance takes into account the resources used, the activities generated by the programs and the final results obtained from the programs and services. However quite a few of the performance measurement activities are limited to only measuring program inputs and outputs. (Performance Measurement) On the other side, correct methods of performance measurement should also talk about the program results. From the side of the government, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board or GASB has been concentrating on performance measurement from the early 1980s. As a result of this concentration, there was a series of research reports called â€Å"Service Efforts and Accomplishments reporting† that was issued for the help of governments in measuring performance. This was followed up in 1994 with the second statement on the same lines. This stated that â€Å"service efforts and accomplishments information – including both financial and non-financial performance measures – is an essential aspect of the measurement of governmental performance and is necessary for assessing accountability and making informed decisions†. (Performance Measurement) It is important for government finance executives to tell the truth and not hide it for presentation purposes. An example is in the case of Oregon where the proportions of adult Oregonians who are smokers are only 20. 7 percent when in the rest of the country the same ratio is 23. 2 percent. Yet, they were not felt to be enough in Oregon as the state had fixed a target of 15 percent to be achieved by 2000 and this was fixed in the year 1989 by the benchmarks program in the state. While fixing the target, the committee was anything but realistic as this sort of non-smoking does not exist in United States. This is a matter that should have been properly discussed at the time of setting up the targets. The targets were set in all areas with direct goals to be reached – in health, education, economic development, environmental policy and so on. (The Problem with promises) The decision was taken that the state government would try to reach these targets within ten years. The decisions for allocation of funds and other matters were then to be made according to the achievements of targets. In one of these instances, the state wanted to reduce the use of drugs among students of the eighth standard to 3 percent from the original figure of 14 percent. Some time later it was realized that the target would not be reached, and then the solution sought for the problem was to change the target to 15 percent from 3 percent. At the end of the period, the proportion of users was 14 percent – the same as at the start of the plan – but it was viewed that the target has been reached. (The Problem with promises) These types of efforts by the accounts officers are just efforts to hide the truth and do not help any part of society. The importance of being truthful has been realized by the National Performance Review and they have stated that â€Å"effective entrepreneurial governments insist on customer satisfaction. They listen carefully to their customers – using surveys and focus groups – and restructure their basic operations to meet customer needs. They use market dynamics such as competition and customer choice to create incentives that drive their employees to put the customer first†. (Linking Quality to Business Planning and Performance Goals in Local Government) The importance of government finance officers are best utilized when they end up providing the truth to the public.