Homoeopathy - Survey of Alternative Medicine Essay -- Homeopathic Medi

HomeopathicSurvey of Alternative Medicine homeopathy is an alternative method of treatment, based on the natures natural law of Cure, or the saying Like Cures Like. Discovered by a German scientist Dr. Samuel Hahnemann in 1796, and has been verified experimentally and clinically for 200 years. Homoeopathy is the revolutionary, natural medical science. homoeopathy is gentle and effective system of medicine. The remedies be prep atomic number 18d from natural substances to precise standards and work by stimulating the bodys own healing power. Why should it be the premiere choice? Well first it is highly scientific, logical, safe, libertine and extremely effective method of healing. It offers long lasting to permanent cure to most ailments, treating the disorder from its grow deep inside the body. Homoeopathy does not treat superficially by just treating the symptoms but heals the patient from within. Disease affects the mind and body, your individual organs are not the cause of i llness but disturbance at the inner level is the cause of illness. Different medicines for different ailments are not the way of homeopathy but to find one single remedy for the whole body. Homoeopathy believes in holistic, totalistic and individualistic approach. It is with this single dose prepared from sources such as vegetables, animal, minerals, chemicals, all non toxic and absolutely harmless. They concentrate on influencing the bodys energy.These remedies are safe for adults, infants and children with no side affects.Homoeopathy is not against surgery. There are some diseases that are only cured with surgery. However, Homeopathic remedies may be considered so that some surgery groundwork be avoided. It can also be helpful in psychosomatic illnesses and not harm the individual in the process. But the most important factor of Homeopathic therapy is that it is not a quick system, so that treatment must be researched and detected early as it is during this time that this kind o f treatment does its best work. Coming late to Homeopathic therapy the disease may have reached an incurable stage. Although Homeopathy has been in existence for 200 years, it seems to be the exciting new therapy for the 21st century. It can help us when another(prenominal) cures are not available or are not affordable. It is something that should not be ignored and we all should become aware of the possible help it can be in saving an... ...r Therapy, NCCAM, Retrieved from the worldly concern Wide Web http//nccam.nih.gov/about/offices/od/directortestimony/060700.htmQuestions and Answers about Homeopathy National Center for Complementary Alternative Medicine, upshot No. D183, Retrieved October 4, 2003 from the World Wide Webhttp//nccam.nih.gov/health/homeopathy/index.htmUllman, D. (1997). The Education of Homeopaths, Retrieved October 3, 2003 from the World Wide Web http//www.homeopathic.com/articles/intro/education_of_h.phpNo Author Given (2003). Benefits of Homeopathy, Retriev ed October 6, 2003 from the World Wide Web http http//www.online-ambulance.com/alternative/conditions_benefited_by_homeopat.htmlNo Author Given (2003). How Certification Differs From Licensing Retrieved October 3, 2003 from the World Wide Web http//www.homeopathicdirectory.com/re_licensing.htmNo Author Given (Copyright 2002). Introduction to Homeopathy Natural Medicine for the 21st Century, Retrieved October 2, 2003 from the World Wide Web http//www.homeopathic.org/history.htmShah R. (Copyright 2003) All About Homeopathy, You Always Wanted to Know.Retrieved from http//www.indiaspace.com/homoeopathy/

Keyspan analysis :: essays research papers

About KeyspanKeyspan, a member of the Standard & Poors 500 Index, is the massivest distributor of natural gas in the Northeast. In New York State, Keyspan is also the largest investor-owned electric generator. Keyspan has select investments along the gas supply chain as well as a dynamic portfolio of energy work companies. Keyspans acquisitions of Eastern Enterprises and capabilityNorth made them the largest gas Distribution Company in the northeast. They have 2.5 million gas customers, including customers in the lucrative New England market.Keyspan has a steady gas distribution, with 1.7 million customers in New York City and Long Island. They have an additional 800,000 customers in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Keyspans gas utilities are the philia drivers of the company and they intend to capitalize on the tremendous growth potential. Keyspan also provides electric service to 1.1 million Long Island Port Authority customers. Keyspan owns and operates over 6,200 megawatts of generating capacity. They intend to add 250 megawatts of electrical generation to New York City by 2003, as well as another 250 to 300 megawatts to Long Island by 2004.Keyspans Energy Services business provides a full array of energy products to the immense Northeast market. Its energy investments sector includes a solid exploration and production business, as well as other investments that utilize their gas and electric core competencies. Keyspan is making investments in new technologies that will benefit its relationship with its customers. Their new technical device is the use of its E-Commerce investment in MyHomeKey.com. This is an Internet portal, which helps customers manage their energy needs. The current mission of Keyspan is to become the premier energy and Services Company in the Northeastern United States, providing a full range of products and services. Its priorities are to grow the core regulated business, to build the energy service business, as well as continuin g to grow organically.The goal of Keyspan is to grow its customer base. They would like to be able to sell new products and services, extend their management over a large base, and provide an economy needed for technology investments. Financial PositionKeyspan is financially solid with a +4 billion market cap, a powerful dividend, yields of 5-6%, and a strong balance sheet. Keyspans 52 week high was 43.63, while its low was 29.10. Its EBIT (Earnings Before Income Taxes) for the year 2000 is 720 million. For 1999 the EBIT was 529 million.

Breakfast of Champions :: Breakfast of Champions Essays

eat of ChampionsOur aw atomic number 18ness is all that is alive and maybe sacred in any of us. Everything else about us is dead machinery.(p.221) IntroductionBreakfast of Champions or Goodbye Blue Monday is Kurt Vonneguts seventh fresh. He wrote it in 1972, as he himself says, for his fiftieth birthday. It is Vonneguts own parody of himself and his works. The various themes and mannerisms that have animated the primarily fictions are seen here in a grotesque, cartoon version of themselves, (Todd). It is a confrontation of tragedy of America brought forth by Vonneguts sensitivity to tragedy (Uphaus), where Vonnegut seems to fuss middle Americas nose in the sheer ugliness of life. (Merill) The storyBreakfast of Champions is a story of two l geniussome, skinny old men on a planet which was dying fast,(p.???). One of these two men is Dwayne Hoover, a fabulously well-to-do Pontiac Dealer, and the other is Kilgore Trout, an unknown and unsuccessful science fiction writer. These two c haracters are destined to meet in Midland City and Kilgore Trouts book Now It Can Be Told is destined to turn Dwayne Hoover into homicidal maniac. How the novel is writtenThe novel attacks many things slavery, racism, commercial greed, jingoism, ecology, capitalism, imperialism, overpopulation etc., all of these aimed precisely at modern Ameri set up society. Vonnegut brings a remarcable air of discovery to these themes, the pretense that no one has quite seen before the stark outlines of our hypocrisy, (Todd). Vonnegut is impolite in his writing about these matters. He was taught to this impoliteness when he was a kid (p.2) by Phoebe Hurty -- the person this novel is dedicated to.The whole book is written in quite familiar style which was used in Vonneguts previous novel Slaughterhouse Five. The style can be defined by one line from it If accident will (Vonnegut 1969, p.2). Breakfast of Champions also has the vague image of absolute chaos. Vonnegut denounced books that make people think that life had leading characters, minor characters, significant details, that it has lessons to be learned, tests to be passed, and a beginning, a middle, and an end, (p.209). But chaos is not only a way in which Vonnegut writes, it is also what Vonnegut writes about. As I approached my fiftieth birthday, I had becomemore and more enraged and mystified by the idiot decisionsmade by my countrymen. And because I had come suddenly to pity

William the Conqueror :: essays research papers

He was the son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, his mother, Herleva, the daughter of a tanner of Falaise. In 1035 Williams father Robert, Duke of Normandy, went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, in which he died. Before starting the pilgrimage, he presented to the nobles his seven year old child demanding their allegiance. "He is little", the father said, "but he will grow, and, if deity please, he will mend." William, after a period of anarchy, became the ruler of Normandy in his fathers place at the age of nine. William had a youth of clean life and of more natural piety, while the years of storm and stress through which he passed gave him an endurance of character which lasted to his lifes end. During the time of anarchy in Normandy he became a skilful military leader and defeated his enemies, uniting his duchy. Once he began fighting, rumor has it that he never lost a battle. In 1047 a serious disorder of nobles occurred, and William with the aid of King Henry of F rance, gained a great victory at Val-s-Dunes, near Caen. Which led to the capture of the two strong castles of Alenon and Domfront. Using this as his base of operations, the young duke, in 1054 made himself master of the province of Maine and became the most powerful vassal of the French Crown, able on occasion to bid insubordination to the king himself. William even married Matilda, the daughter of the Earl of Flanders, in 1053,in spite of the papal prohibition.In 1066 when his claim to the English throne was threatened by Harold Godwinson. Due to the point that Harold Godwinson overlooked the dead kings wishes. Edward the Confessor, sworn his loyalty to William of Normandy when he died not to Harold. Harold Godwinson promptly had himself proclaimed king. It was only a matter of months before William, Duke of the large and powerful duchy of Normandy in France, paid Harold a visit to bring to his remembrance his own claim to the throne. William raised an army of Normans by promisi ng them land and wealth when he came into his rightful kingship. October 14th 1066 he and William fought at the famous battle of Hastings. William and his army of Normans came, saw, and conquered. True to his promise to his fellow warriors, William systematically replaced the English nobility with Norman barons and noblemen who took crack of the land, the people, and the government.

Oedipus is Deserving of his Suffering :: essays research papers

Question Sir John Sheppard definitions that Oedipus behaves normally, commits an error in ignorance and brings suffering upon himself. He declares that Oedipus suffers not because of his guilt, plainly in spite of his goodness. What is your opinion of this comment?I disagree with this statement. To a certain extend, I think Oedipuss suffer is what he deserved.No one can be held fully amenable for actions committed under some kind of external constraint, and for the case of Oedipus, such constraint might be exerted by god. But it does not mean that Oedipus suffers not because of his guilt, but of his goodness, because Oedipus is responsible for those actions which are not performed under constraint. Oedipus has choices, but every time he chooses the wrong one even he knew that the one he chose will turn out to be bad. He still chooses this road to certain extend, is because of his arrogant pride. I think the events of the play are Oedipus fault. Oedipus makes important mistak es or errors in judgment that lead to this ending. His pride, blindness, and foolishness all play a part in the tragedy that befalls him. Oedipuss pride leads to the storys sad ending. He is too sublime to consider the words of the prophet Teiresias, choosing, instead to rely on his own investing powers. Teiresias warns him not to pry into these matters, but pride in his intelligence leads Oedipus to stretch forth his search. Oedipus thinks he can change fate. He just tries to ignore it, because he counts on his own ability to root out the truth. Oedipus is a clever man, but he is blind to the truth and refuses to believe Teiresiass warnings. He suffers because of his hamartia. I t is this excessive pride fuels his own destruction. I would just say Oedipus is a tragic hero.Foolishly he leaves his home in Corinth without further investigating the oracles words. The vanity of Oedipus is latent when he travels, against warnings, to the oracle of Delphi. His inflated notions of his stature as ruler now question the authority of the gods. He goes to the oracle then leaves without an answer. Finding out his true father is important because he has just been told he will eliminate his father. Oedipus is not intelligent about the way he conducts himself.

Technology in the Classroom Essay example -- Education Teaching

Technology in the Classroom more or less every single occupation in immediatelys working world is impacted by technology in one form or an other. As I founder grown as a person and a student, I have noticed the obvious impacts and changes technology is taking on in education. These changes and impacts argon both positive and negative to the children, young adults, and adults who ar pursuing technological opportunities. In The Art of Fiction, John Gardner said, The business of education is to reelect the student useful information and life-enhancing experience, one largely measurable, the other notOne of the main reasons technologies are becoming so popular in todays education is because it is introduced to children at any earlier come along than every before. Ninety-nine percent of all elementary and secondary schools in the United States have installed computers.1 Students are encouraged to research by using the network for book reports, making banners or signs f or science fairs, and typing their paper for an essay. I cerebrate it is principal(prenominal) for students to be introduced to this at an early age. I also believe that they get a well grounded understanding of the important reasons to use a computer. So numerous children get caught up in games, email, chat, and music because they may put down too much time on a computer. These things are okay to an extent, but they should genuinely learn from an early age the true importance of technology in education.Technology is a major focus when discussing the ways to improve schools in the future. Because students are now becoming extremely educated when it comes to technology, school districts are now making it mandatory for teachers to be knowledgeable when it comes to technology, no mat... ...d not just be exposed to computers and the internet without some simple base knowledge. They convey to understand the dangers that chat rooms, email, and free sites can have. Along with students, teachers and professors should be aware of what their students are accomplishing duration using these various forms of technology. Not only will technology in the classrooms benefit their users in the present, but it will aide them when finding a handicraft in the future. Technology is such and important part in education and it is only getting stronger. 1 Computer Confluence George Beekman Pg.4192 A Vision for Technology in study http//www.nsba.org3 Will Technology Really Change Education? Authors Todd W. Kent and Robert F. McNergney 1998http//www.ecsu.ctstateu.edu4 http//nces.ed.gov5 Computer Confluence Author George Beekman Page 426 Technology in the Classroom Essay example -- Education TeachingTechnology in the Classroom Almost every single occupation in todays working world is impacted by technology in one form or another. As I have grown as a person and a student, I have noticed the obvious impacts and changes technology is taking on i n education. These changes and impacts are both positive and negative to the children, young adults, and adults who are pursuing technological opportunities. In The Art of Fiction, John Gardner said, The business of education is to give the student useful information and life-enhancing experience, one largely measurable, the other notOne of the main reasons technologies are becoming so popular in todays education is because it is introduced to children at any earlier age than every before. Ninety-nine percent of all elementary and secondary schools in the United States have installed computers.1 Students are encouraged to research by using the internet for book reports, making banners or signs for science fairs, and typing their paper for an essay. I believe it is important for students to be introduced to this at an early age. I also believe that they get a well grounded understanding of the important reasons to use a computer. So many children get caught up in games, email, chat, and music because they may spend too much time on a computer. These things are okay to an extent, but they should really learn from an early age the true importance of technology in education.Technology is a major focus when discussing the ways to improve schools in the future. Because students are now becoming extremely educated when it comes to technology, school districts are now making it mandatory for teachers to be knowledgeable when it comes to technology, no mat... ...d not just be exposed to computers and the internet without some simple base knowledge. They need to understand the dangers that chat rooms, email, and free sites can have. Along with students, teachers and professors should be aware of what their students are accomplishing while using these various forms of technology. Not only will technology in the classrooms benefit their users in the present, but it will aide them when finding a job in the future. Technology is such and important part in educa tion and it is only getting stronger. 1 Computer Confluence George Beekman Pg.4192 A Vision for Technology in Education http//www.nsba.org3 Will Technology Really Change Education? Authors Todd W. Kent and Robert F. McNergney 1998http//www.ecsu.ctstateu.edu4 http//nces.ed.gov5 Computer Confluence Author George Beekman Page 426

Technology in the Classroom Essay example -- Education Teaching

Technology in the Classroom Almost every single occupation in todays working world is impacted by technology in wholeness form or a nonher. As I have fully grown as a person and a student, I have noticed the obvious impacts and changes technology is taking on in education. These changes and impacts are both unconditional and negative to the children, young adults, and adults who are pursuing technological opportunities. In The Art of Fiction, John Gardner said, The furrow of education is to give the student useful information and life-enhancing experience, whiz largely measurable, the other notOne of the main reasons technologies are becoming so pop in todays education is because it is introduced to children at all earlier age than every before. Ninety-nine percent of all elementary and secondary schools in the United States have installed computers.1 Students are encouraged to research by using the internet for book reports, making banners or signs for science fai rs, and typing their paper for an essay. I believe it is alpha for students to be introduced to this at an early age. I also believe that they get a well grounded understanding of the important reasons to use a computer. So many children get caught up in games, email, chat, and medicament because they may spend too much time on a computer. These things are alright to an extent, but they should really learn from an early age the accepted importance of technology in education.Technology is a major focus when discussing the ways to amend schools in the future. Because students are now becoming extremely better when it comes to technology, school districts are now making it mandatory for teachers to be knowledgeable when it comes to technology, no mat... ...d not just be exposed to computers and the internet without some plain base knowledge. They need to understand the dangers that chat rooms, email, and free sites can have. Along with students, teachers and professors s hould be aware of what their students are accomplishing while using these various forms of technology. Not completely will technology in the classrooms benefit their users in the present, but it will aide them when decision a job in the future. Technology is such and important part in education and it is only getting stronger. 1 Computer Confluence George Beekman Pg.4192 A hallucination for Technology in Education http//www.nsba.org3 Will Technology unfeignedly Change Education? Authors Todd W. Kent and Robert F. McNergney 1998http//www.ecsu.ctstateu.edu4 http//nces.ed.gov5 Computer Confluence Author George Beekman Page 426 Technology in the Classroom Essay example -- Education TeachingTechnology in the Classroom Almost every single occupation in todays working world is impacted by technology in one form or another. As I have grown as a person and a student, I have noticed the obvious impacts and changes technology is taking on in education. These ch anges and impacts are both positive and negative to the children, young adults, and adults who are pursuing technological opportunities. In The Art of Fiction, John Gardner said, The business of education is to give the student useful information and life-enhancing experience, one largely measurable, the other notOne of the main reasons technologies are becoming so popular in todays education is because it is introduced to children at any earlier age than every before. Ninety-nine percent of all elementary and secondary schools in the United States have installed computers.1 Students are encouraged to research by using the internet for book reports, making banners or signs for science fairs, and typing their paper for an essay. I believe it is important for students to be introduced to this at an early age. I also believe that they get a well grounded understanding of the important reasons to use a computer. So many children get caught up in games, email, chat, and music becaus e they may spend too much time on a computer. These things are okay to an extent, but they should really learn from an early age the true importance of technology in education.Technology is a major focus when discussing the ways to improve schools in the future. Because students are now becoming extremely educated when it comes to technology, school districts are now making it mandatory for teachers to be knowledgeable when it comes to technology, no mat... ...d not just be exposed to computers and the internet without some simple base knowledge. They need to understand the dangers that chat rooms, email, and free sites can have. Along with students, teachers and professors should be aware of what their students are accomplishing while using these various forms of technology. Not only will technology in the classrooms benefit their users in the present, but it will aide them when finding a job in the future. Technology is such and important part in education and it is only ge tting stronger. 1 Computer Confluence George Beekman Pg.4192 A Vision for Technology in Education http//www.nsba.org3 Will Technology Really Change Education? Authors Todd W. Kent and Robert F. McNergney 1998http//www.ecsu.ctstateu.edu4 http//nces.ed.gov5 Computer Confluence Author George Beekman Page 426

Good Relationships

Good Relationships Many people have different likely on good relationships. Relationships are not just two people who are in love and are married. A relationship rouse be shared between parents and child, best friends, and couples. To have an understanding or good relationship there should be trust, good communication, and consider. institutionalise is a key gene in building a good relationship. Loyalty and honesty fall into the trust category they play a huge part in trust. Trust is something that has to be earned in any relationship. It takes time to build trust it is not given to anyone overnight it has to be earned overtime.Many people do not know that communication plays the biggest part in a relationship. Not having communication in a relationship can be a huge problem. It can lead to a lot of misunderstanding. In order to have a healthy relationship, there must be communication. Talking your problems or situations out testament resolve many issues and conflicts. For exam ple to resolve most of the issue try spending a day together, going out, or having a dinner. In communication you have to listen and get an understanding for one another. Respect is what we extend understanding to another person. In any relationship respect should be extended.If respect is not shown, or a lack of respect is given in the relationship it should be bought to a discussion, and made clear. Effective communication, trusting each other, and having or giving respect are the main keys in building a good and effective relationship. If you are having problems in your relationship look at the tercet keys and ask yourself if any are ineffective, or needs to be worked on more. If yes, then work toward trying to change and fix the problem and to eliminate whatsoever the situation maybe. In building and rerouting your relationship keep these keys in mind. You will be sure to have a great relationship.

Consider the Significance of the Extract (Lines 816-844) and Discuss its Relevance to the Tale as a Whole

The significance of this extract is extremely dimensional as the narrator once again provides the reader with additive examples of Januarys mindset and lifestyle and in like manner continues to foreshadow the remainder of the tale.The immense sexual imagery present during this extract reinforces Januarys marriage intentions, foreshadows the future and also includes a way of comedy. The garden January built has been constructed especially to avoid any prying eyes and to achieve the utmost privacy as the garden is walled al with stone. The impounding term of the walls signifies and reinforces his sexual prowess and desire to menace (L.540) May which can also be construed to consider Januarys tendency for sexual violence.The introduction of Priapus, God of gardens yet also personification of the erect phallus is ironic and is a comedic arise used to signify the importance of the garden as neither could telle the beautee of the gardyn and the welle.The significance of the key and i ntroduction represent January and May respectively as the key to the garden, carried only by January signifies his desire to keep May to himself, allowing no one else to have access to her as she represents the smale wiket which January was able to unlock when he wished. Keys and keyholes are bold significant metaphors for sex, which proves explicit posterior on in the tale.The sexual imagery and implications applied during this extract sting a major significance to some of the tales implied themes of Januarys age, his intentions for marriage and of the forthcoming deception he will encounter.The mythical gods which are introduced in this extract enables the reader to espouse the sheer significance of the garden and reinforce the beauty. In particular, Proserpina and Pluto are especially significant later in the tale and their initial connection with the Garden at this position in the tale allows the reader to understand their domestic debate later featured which constitutes to t he outcome of the entire tale.Arguably, one of the most prevailing significance of this extract is the comparisons of Januarys private garden with the Garden of Eden. References have been made beforehand, likening the relationship and characters of January and May to Adam and Eve. The main difference between the cardinal couples is Adam and Eve had sex after Eden whereas for January, his Garden has been built purely to satisfy his sexual desires.This extract can also be compared to the unite feast, where January appears the more dominant of the couple as he eagerly awaits his guests to leave in order to sleep with May. However, this extract proves significant in the power exchange, as here, the initiative rests with May as the reader learns that Januarys joy will be short lived worldly joy may nat alwey dure.The extract possess many well-bred Love references the obvious one being the reference to the Romance of the Rose a French courtly love poem where the woman is represented a s a rosebud in a beautiful garden. Also through the description of the garden the and the welle, that stood under a laurer alwey grene Courtly Love is explored and remains a highly comical literature devise throughout the tale.January and Mays incompatibility is significantly challenged during this extract which bears an enormous relevance to the tale. The beautiful garden represents spring, which is astronomically associated with the month of May and also the character therefore he January wolde paye his wyf hir dette in somer seson significantly reinforces their incompatibility and makes way for the adultery.The extract, in relevance to the tale as a whole, provides an insight as to what will happen later on in the tale. Various sexual images and references including thinges whiche were nat doon abedde he in the gardyn parfourned hem allows the reader to identify and relate this extract to the adulterous actions which later happen. The frequent references to mythical large number and Gods are also present within this extract, however, these actually bear a direct significance to the tales scheme.

Air Asia vs. Qantas Essay

1. Overview1.1 Qantas-Main business and strategiesThe main business of Qantas airways moderate is the transportation of passengers. Their meat outline of Qantas is winningsably grows and the longer-term strategy of Qantas is to reorganize its business structure in order to eliminate mounting losses. The strategy that implement by community is to master the capital intensity of the business by forging partnerships with carriers in certain sectors that are uneconomical. (Qantas, 2012) Such as cooperate with British Airways. Qantas recitation both completing airway brands these two brands are used to touch different customers. Two brands operating together has occupied 65% mart share in Australia, (Qantas, 2012) because, two brands provide flexibility in varying market conditions.Qantas, (2011 pp. 4)On the otherwise hand, these two brands practice about sub-strategies to support its main strategy. These appropriate sub-strategies are the find success for point that lead t o Qantas continually expansion in the homo. Qantas JetstarSub-Strategy * Premium unspoiled service * Maximized profitability * equal leadership * Low fare airline Ope rational improvement * Enhanced customer service focus * Expand locally and into international leisure markets In statistics of 2012, Qantas has full-employees for 33,584. Flights oer 550 airports and passengers carried are 44,456,000, which development the 5.06% menage on the year 2011. (Qantas, 2012)1.2 Air Asia-Main business and strategiesAir Asia is the largest measly- follow flyer carrier in the world. It is establishing with the dream of making flying possible for every hotshot. On the other hand, it is non only focusing on the cost factor, but also safety first. The Air Asia has operated around 11 years, but its alleviate respect highgrow rate. The Air Asia is the regional carrier with the largest destination network, highest flight frequencies and high aircraft utilization.( Air Asia, 2012) Air Asia was named the 2012 Worlds Best Low Cost Airline in the annual World Airline Survey by Skytrax for three consecutive years. There are some actions that support its main strategy in order to make it success. Such as the lost cost model is based on (Hill, C. W. 1988). * Single passenger class* Flying to cheaper, little congested secondary airports* A single type of airplane in order to reducing training and servicing cost * Point to point flights with no impartationsIn statistics, Air Asia has full employees for 4346. Passengers carried are around 22,474,620 in 2012, which amplify more than 10% base on the year 2011. Services network over 216 routes covering destinations in and around world. The below picture has shown that air Asia are trying to get more market share in the southwest of Asia, at that place are more than 143 routes in southwest of Asia out of 216. This is the developing direction of the Air Asia in recent years. (Air Asia, 2012) 2. Industry abstract2.1 Overview Go ble airlines markets & PESTLE mode summary The Lift side is show that, the air travel remains a growth market. This forecast mentions that air traffic will double in the nigh 15 years, which means, the external surround still keep approving. Both of Qantas and Air Asia have equivalent opportunity. (Airbus, 2012)The PESTLE model lists the factors or device driver for growth, external surroundings can be reasonably expected as optimistic. but this chart showed that real GDP 2011-2031 by region, the economic growth is a key driver for air traffic growth, change magnitude urbanization will also drive economic growth and the propensity to fly. (Airbus, 2012)PESTLE modelPESTLE model semipolitical * Stable political milieu * Deregulation Economic * Global financial crisis * Rising currency * Rising fuel cost Social* Changing consumer demographics * change magnitude travel lifestyle * Changing consumer preferences Technology * Internet * Surface transport investments * Efficient air crafts Legal * Legislation compliance requirements * Allegations of misleading advertising Environmental * nursery and carbon emissions * Tourism saturation * Shortage of infrastructure capacity2.2 Overview Australia airline marketsQantas is the biggest airline operator in Australia, which represent as 75.6% for domestic market, but Qantas still has some competitors in Australia, such as Virgin blue (14.4%), Skywest (1.3%), Tiger (1.0%) and others (6.3%). We should chthonicstand it operate environment before we going to depth analysis, because the every society is restricted by external environment. PESTLE model clearly show Qantas operating external environmentAccording to this chart, we can conclude that the overall environment is good and stable, but overall industry still facing some problem, the biggest issues has shown at lift picture, which is purchases, purchases of fuel. (Australia government 2013)2.3 Qantas SWOT analysisStrength1. As one of the biggest Airline in the wo rld, QAN has large quantity of flight customers and business relationships. Large scale could bring more benefits. 2. Qantas operates in a sea of business activities in different sectors. But all of them the support activities of the aviation industry, such as catering, engineering and baggage handling. gum olibanum operation contributes to helping control supplier and aircraft nutrition costs. 3. Qantas Airways, Canada airlines, United Kingdom airline, United States airlines and Cathay Pacific founded a management caller-up called One world Alliance. This centrally is to help each other in non-core business activities, such as marketing and online ticketing, in purpose of reducing costs and thereby cutting ticket prices. Members of the Union may also transfer passengers for connecting flights. 4. As monopolizing in Australian Market, Qantas has a home advantage. Thus its subsidies couldprovide better resources for its business. WeaknessWithout the authorization of the trade unio n officials, workers in Qantas took an action called jobless Cat Strikes. Qantas was damaged by that action in delaying flights, exploring its issues betwixt employees and the follow. Besides, QAN Company is too concentrated on Australia side. OpportunitiesAs publishing of Open sky police, such as Pricing determined by market forces, Fair and equal opportunity to complete, Cooperative marketing arrangements, QAN could be beneficial from international aviation rest and downsizing in government intervention. In addition, more international destinations especially in Asia are developing. Due to Australia Market is less tapped so far, QAN could get a better chance to gain a major market shares than other airline companies. Moreover, QAN found a new opportunity of new market and created Jetstar temptress is a low budget airline to attract potential large quantities of customers. ThreatWith the result of merging between n United Airlines and Continental, Qantas is under nemesis beca use United Airlines- Continental is planning to penetrate into Australian market. One of Qantas most important international routine, between Australia and USA, will be prompted. Unfortunately, large fluctuation in oil prices, together with global financial crisis, big airline companies was affected seriously due to rising operation and labor costs. Increasing Australia Airline market completion also will be a threat for QAN developing.2.4 Overview Southwest of Asia marketsThe main competitors of Air Asia are Thai airways, Nok air, One Two GO Airline, and capital of Singapore airlines, among of them SIG is the main competitor with Air Aira, in order to compete with Air Asia, SIG introduced 2 budget airlines Valu Air and Tiger Airways, both of them are practice as the low-cost position. AIRASIA SWOT AnalysisStrengthAIRASIA has a well-known name and it is famous for its low cost operation. inaccordance with the 2011-2012 year financial report, the companys non-fuel costs fell 3%, sug gesting that companies continue to implement cost control in 2011-2012, the company plans to non-fuel unit costs to fall by 5%. While ancillary revenue rose 23%, which helps companies to achieve annual revenue growth targets Moreover, it has the first-mover advantage of first low cost airline company in Asia. After that, AirAisa has hygienic promotional strategies for general promotion and media advertising. In addition, they companying with other service providers, such as hotel) and credit cards create a unique image among customers. Because of its punctual surgery, AirAsia was offered honor of five-star service and flashes. AIRASIA has developed a well-established distribution channel in its products and services. Moreover, it is always using single type of airplane, frankincense minimizing maintenance fees. WeaknessesDue to the report, Aircraft leasing costs increased by 8% since the number of aircraft increased by 8 per cent while leasing costs and depreciation of the dollar, allo cajoleg the company to save rental costs. Airport and operating costs increased by 12%, reached 444.34 million dollars. opposite get downs have increased by 14%. As the economic condition recovery, how to control the rising costs becomes o one of the most serious challenges faced by AIRASIA. Because of the lower cost, AIRASIA has limited service resources. Thus also is relate to being lack of ability of handling irregular situation. Government interference regulates airports. In addition, AIRASIA receives a lot of complaints from customers such flight delays and not able to change flight. When competition is getting intense, good customer service and management is especially important. OpportunityWith having first-move advantages, AIRASIA could be more possible to survive and win under the big intense environment such as rising oil price and government regulation. There is another opportunity for AIRASIA is cooperating with other low cost airlines such as Jetstar. The signi ficant action could help tap into their strength and resources. Besides, larger population of customers is willing to choose cheaper flight. ThreatIn nowadays, gobs of low cost airline companies are appeared such as Jetstar,Virgin, and Southwest. These companies improve that AIRASIAs low cost strategy could not be a strong competitive advantage in the industry. It could be copied easily. Many kinds of expenses such as security fees and landing fees are out of control. Moreover, unstable economic conditions in the world have impacted on airline industry. Thus treat is same with questions facing by Qantas.3. write up policies analysis3.1 Basis of preparation of the financial statementsThe score policies are the procedures that used by a company to prepare its financial statements. Qantas reports basically are prepared in accordance with AASBs, but also pastime the IFRS (Qantas, 2012 pp.78). Air Asia prepared their reports following the MASBs and also in conformity with IFRS. IFRS is the general guide for these two companies when they prepared their report. It means not only significantly calculatingen comparability of financial reporting between these two companies, but also moderate our uncertainty, increase the reliability and accurately of analysis. (Burgstahler, D. C., Hail, L., & Leuz, C. 2006)These two companies are running same business industry and prepare report in accordance with IFRS, so there are some report policies are similar, the following lists show the similarities of account policies practiced as these two companies3.2 Similarities of accounting policies (Qantas, 2012 pp.80, Air Asia, 2012 pp.73) * Reports on the basis of historical costs except in accordance with relevant accounting policies where assets and liabilities are stated at their fair set * Main revenue recognition-The value of seats sold for which services have not been rendered is included in trustworthy liabilities as sales in advance * Other revenue-such as fuel surch arge, insurance surcharge, administrative fees, excess baggage and baggage handling fees, are recognized upon the completion of services rendered. * Residual value-the changing estimates are based on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances * PPE-Depreciation is used the straight-line method* Inventory-The values of inventories are reported as weight intermediate cost. * Repair and maintenance expenditure, repair treat as cost, calculate in the same period. Maintenance, if it changes in the using life of equipment, it will be treat as capitalization.Even these policies are similar, but they still have some flexibility, such as the report can be influenced by changing accounting estimates. The following table has been showed that there are add uply different use for life and residual values between these two companies assets. These two factors are depended on the judgment and estimate of management. Matsumoto, D. A . (2002) mentions that managements estimates and judgments involved in the accounting policies which have significant potential impact on their financial statements, because these matters are really uncertainty. Finally, this uncertainty will reflect on the ROA, hard roe, even if these two ratios increase or decrease, it does not necessarily because of changing in the companys profitability. (Lev, B., Li, S., & Sougiannis, T. 2010). Qantas As Asia Use for life(Years) Residual values Use for life (Years) Residual values Buildings 10-40 0% 28.75-50 0%Passenger aircraft and engines 2.5-20 Up limited 10% 7-25 Adjusting according to a prospective basis (note1) Air spare parts 15-20 Up limited 20% 10 Adjusting according to a prospective basis (note1) Note1Estimates and judgments are continually evaluated by the Directors and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. (Air Asia, 2 012 pp. 77)3.3 Main different accounting policies3.3.1 ReceivableQantas and Air Asia receivables contain of trade debtors, other debtors and loans owing from related parties. Normally, the net receivable is recognized as its original amount less a readying for uncollectible debts. Qantas make an estimate for doubtful debts when collection of the full amount is nolonger probable. The estimation of furnish of doubtful debt relative to receivable is regularly reviewed. Bad debts are written off as incurred (Qantas, 2012 pp.101). As result, it is a risky way for the company not to assign provision of bad debts according to the percentage of credit sales. In Air Asia, they assign provision of bad debts according to the percentage of credit sale, (Air Asia, 2012 pp. 98) company will operate more stable, less risk therefore Qantas, but allowance will decrease its operating asset, reflect on the ATO, as result influence roe. (Davidson & Thompson 1962)3.3.2 Discount RateDiscount rate is the interest rate that used in discounted property flow analysis to determine the present value of future cash flows. (Qantas, 2012 pp.101) Changing discount rate will influence the companys gift plan. Normally, gift is companys liability it is measured by three factors, PBO, ABO and VBO. Either PBO, ABO, should be discounted before reported. Due to particular category of pension plan, company just reports the different between the pension benefits and pension obligation on the financial report, if the benefits are greater than obligations it will be reported on the assets side, on the opposite, it will be reported on the liabilities side. (Wiener 1995) So the effect will directly reflect on its ROA and roe. Discount rate of Qantas is based on the risk-free rate for the ten-year Australian Government Bonds adjusted for a risk premium that represented as 10.5% percent per annum (Qantas, 2012 pp.103). Air Asia use weight average effective interest rate that represent as 10% per an num. The changes in discount rates of Qantas in 2011 to 2012 that lead to decrease in the Workers Compensation provision of $15 million and an increase in the long service leave provision of $45 million. The net effect of these changes was a $30 million increase in provisions as at 30 June 2012. (Qantas, 2012 pp.103) as results, the changing of provision will reflect on the ROE of Qantas, because provision is comprised of liability. Finally, the ratio analysis will lack of comparability.4. Ratio analysis4.1 Return on equity analysisThe ROE changing line of Qantas Airline limited (QAN) has a sharp fluctuation during year 2009, which has reached the top point of almost 60%. Then ROE index declined until 16.89% after the top and maintained about the level public figure of 20% from year 2010. Compared with QAN, Aireys Berhad (AIRASIA) has a relative complicated ROE line. AIRASIA started from -50% from end of year 2008, afterwards got to the first top of 35.37% in 2010. After that the concave stoop reached the bottom of 14.28%, and was back to the top at point of 37.39%. As personal opinion, AIRASIA has a brighter future than QAN on ROE side due to its growing swerve ROE ratio from year 2011 though it had a negative number from the beginning point. In addition, with the research of 5 year average ROE rate, the total airline industry index is 26.9%, which is higher than QAN and lower than AIRAISA (StockCentral, 2013). AIRAISA is doing a better job in using investors money and attracting more investing capital.4.2 Leverage affectFrom above two graphs, different index reflect different relationships. On QAN side, ROE rates changing are mainly due to changing in return of asset rate. It is indicating that QAN achieved a better effect of asset utilization by increasing revenue and saving asset funds to raise ROE ratio up. Different with QAN, AIRAISAs ROE rate is primarily rely on financial leverage, which is equal to net financial liabilities / equity. Overwhelming other related facts, higher financial leverage rates mean stronger power of using liabilities to create profit. From this aspect, it is not hard to disclose different profit channels between two companies.4.3 Borrowing cost driversDownsizing of borrowing cost rate gives opportunities to raise ROE ratio. In QAN, from year 2011 the borrowing rates have been unendingly declining which gave contributions to profit gaining. From AIRASIA side, borrowing cost rate kept on level of 3%-4% in recent two years, which may weaken ROE performance competing with QAN. 4.4 direct profit driversReturn on asset ratio, which could be divided in asset turnover and profit margin directly, affects the performance of ROE. Compared with twocompanies, ATO ratio gave more impacts on ROA in past five years in QAN. Relatively much higher ATO ratio of QAN reflects that business higher speed of asset utilization from input to output for the period, better enterprises assets management quality and efficiency. Do wnsizing in ATO rate will directly influence ROA rate, simply between year 2008 and 2009. In AIRASIA side, ROA ratio variation mainly affect by PM ration. On whole, PM ratio curve indicates increasing hack in the 5-year period, though a slight drop in year 2011. Higher PM ratio compared with QAN could give evidences that AIRASIA has better ability to recover kinds of expenditures and cost of goods sold, benefiting from the low cost strategy. Low costs give contributions to gaining higher ROA ratio of AIRASIA than QAN in recent year.4.5 Cost structureThese two graphs are drawn on the base of revenue as 100%. According to two graphics, we can easily see that After deduct COGS, Air Asia reported Gross profit around 50% over 5 years, but Qantas just has less than 20% for Gross profit, Air Asia practices cost-lead ship strategy, so COGS and its selling & administration expense is significantly lower than Qantas. So the Air Asia control its COGS are better than Qantas. But however, the selling & administration expense of Qantas (around 11% of 100% revenue) less then Air Asia (around 26% of 100% revenue), which mean Qantas, is good at management. Thus trend indicates that low-costs of airline industry would be bafflement for increasing profit. Compared with two companies taxation profit and gross margin ratio curve, Qantas has been suffered drop trend in five-year gross profit due to its downsizing revenue and high cost of goods sold. AIRASIA has optimistic trends both in gross profit and gross margin. The company was engaged in expanding sales and revenue, improving cost management level and seeking appreciate company strategy at the same time. Higher gross profit and gross margin indicate company could have higher possibilities to gain profit. 4.6 number industry analysisThe first graph shows the ROE of Air Asia in the Malaysia airline industry, after 2009, the ROE of Air Asia is significantly higher than average. The second gratify compare the Qantas with Au stralia airline industry, if wecalculate the average ROE of Qantas, the result is a little bit lower than average. The last graph we put two-airline companies in the Asia- peaceable region, the graph has shown that Qantas operating is lower than the average, after 2009, Air Asia is keeping upward.5. ConclusionAfter our analysis, due to applying different policies and strategies, two airline companies did different performance in gaining profits. we think that even though Air Asia just set up around 11years, and its size of the company is quite less than Qantas. But they have been adequate to the turbulent global environment. Its strategy has fitted with external environment, the advantage of small company is easy to change its management control system to response with the turbulent environment and better to keep consistent with its strategy. Finally, the whole company will be easier to achieve the goal. As result, AIRASIA seems to be better in raise ROE ratios, benefiting from its increasing sales and costs controlling. So we can concluded that AIRASIAs performance is better than Qantas.ReferenceQantas, (2012) Qantas Annual Report 2012 Qantas Airways Limited Qantas, (2011) Qantas Group presentation declination 2011 Qantas Group www.qantas.com.Air Asia, (2012) Air Asia Annual Report 2012 Air Asia Airways Limited www.airaisa.comAirbus, (2012) Navigating the future Global Market Forecast 2012-2031 www.airbus.comDomestic airline activity, Department of fundament and Transport, Australia government, update 19 August, 2013 www.bitre.gov.auQantas Customers 2012, by Segment 2012, Statistic, viewed 8 May 2012, QantasSituation Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow 2011, The Age, viewed 8 May 2013,Stockcentral (2013), industry averages. Available from http//www.stockcentral.com/?utm_source=iclubindustryaverages&utm_mdium= have-to doe with Accessed August 17, 2013.Burgstahler, D. C., Hail, L., & Leuz, C. (2006). The importance of reporting incentives earnings management in Eur opean private and public firms. The accounting review, 81(5), 983-1016.Lev, B., Li, S., & Sougiannis, T. (2010). The usefulness of accounting estimates for predicting cash flows and earnings. Review of Accounting Studies, 15(4), 779-807.Kotlikoff, L. J., & Wise, D. A. (1989). Employee retirement and a firms pension plan.Hill, C. W. (1988). Differentiation versus low cost or differentiation and low cost a contingency framework. academy of Management Review, 13(3), 401-412.Matsumoto, D. A. (2002). Managements incentives to avoid negative earnings surprises. The Accounting Review, 77(3), 483-514.Cyert, R. M., Davidson, H. J., & Thompson, G. L. (1962). Estimation of the allowance for doubtful accounts by Markov chains. Management Science, 8(3), 287-303.Scott, T. W. (1994). Incentives and disincentives for financial disclosure self-imposed disclosure of defined benefit pension plan information by Canadian firms. Accounting Review, 26-43.Wiener, H. J.(1995), Pension Plan Strategy A Comp rehensive orient to Retirement Planning for physicians and Other Professionals 7(2), 101-212.AppendixAir Asia analytic thinking REFORMULATED BALANCE SHEET 12/31/2012USD 12/31/2011USD 12/31/2010USD 12/31/2009USD 12/31/2008USDOperating Assets crystallize Receivables 315,898,627 176,713,880 158,421,275 170,371,203 262,514,740 Total Inventories 7,758,339 6,223,975 5,692,557 6,093,458 5,978,035 Prepaid Expenses 240,199,477 149,035,647 105,739,906 73,305,199 32,597,110 Other Current Assets 0 198,398,423 174,299,659 180,913,551 212,788,150 kale Property, Plant & Equip. 3,200,140,615 2,744,062,776 3,021,904,005 2,319,564,252 1,905,866,763 Other Assets 863,519,621 282,959,621 106,643,425 141,351,051 40,122,254 4,627,516,678 3,557,394,322 3,572,700,827 2,891,598,715 2,459,867,052 Operating Liabilities Accounts collectible 21,299,542 25,636,593 17,245,987 26,411,507 31,597,399 Accrued Payroll 0 0 0 0 0Income Taxes Payable 1,674,951 0 529,269 2,869,159 0 Dividend s Payable 0 0 0 0 0Other Current Liabilities 606,007,521 479,045,110 400,453,705 312,255,549 322,342,775 Provisions for Risks & Charges 0 0 0 0 0 Deferred Income 0 0 0 0 0Deferred Taxes -118,180,510 -162,807,571 -233,260,905 -219,414,136 -247,430,347 Other Liabilities 166,843,689 154,044,479 146,867,196 0 0 677,645,193 495,918,612 331,835,252 122,122,079 106,509,827 loot Operating Assets 3,949,871,485 3,061,475,710 3,240,865,575 2,769,476,636 2,353,357,225 Financial Assets Cash & Short Term Inv. 730,127,861 666,457,098 487,957,516 217,964,953 44,439,884 730,127,861 666,457,098 487,957,516 217,964,953 44,439,884 Financial Liabilities Short Term Debt and Current LTD 368,264,879 187,454,574 179,660,126 157,788,551 157,243,353 Long Term Debt 2,381,682,472 2,267,166,877 2,368,374,899 2,064,168,224 1,776,526,012 2,749,947,351 2,454,621,451 2,548,035,025 2,221,956,776 1,933,769,364 Net Financial Liabilities (Assets) 2,019,819,490 1,788,164,353 2,060,077,50 9 2,003,991,822 1,889,329,480 Shareholders fair play 1,930,051,995 1,273,311,356 1,180,788,066 765,484,813 464,027,746 split up 0 0 0 0 0REFORMULATED INCOME STATEMENT Sales 1,617,426,750 1,418,025,552 1,280,394,033 914,982,769 761,470,520 Total cost 864,089,928 1,074,545,110 934,371,331 648,407,418 932,758,092 Earnings before enkindle and gross (EBIT) 753,336,821 343,480,442 346,022,701 266,575,350 -171,287,572 Tax 56,556,246 69,934,700 12,143,668 33,884,638 -107,697,977 Income after Taxation 696,780,576 273,545,741 333,879,034 232,690,713 -63,589,595 Net Interest 97,912,688 98,364,669 -10,343,765 84,832,360 79,925,723 Net Income (before Pref Dividends & Minority Interests) 598,867,888 175,181,073 344,222,799 147,858,353 -143,515,318 TAX-SHIELD Effective Tax Rate 7.5% 20.4% 3.5% 12.7% 62.9% Net Interest 97,912,688 98,364,669 -10,343,765 84,832,360 79,925,723 Tax nurse 7,350,728 20,027,643 -363,014 10,783,119 50,253,725 TAX-ADJUSTED OPERATING INCOME Oper ating Income (with tax shield) 689,429,848 253,518,098 334,242,048 221,907,593 -113,843,321 Net Financing Costs 90,561,960 78,337,026 -9,980,751 74,049,241 29,671,997 Net Income 598,867,888 175,181,073 344,222,799 147,858,353-143,515,318 AVERAGED BALANCE SHEEETS Operating Assets OA 4,092,455,500 3,565,047,574 3,232,149,771 2,675,732,883 1,298,921,526 Operating Liabilities OL 586,781,902 413,876,932 226,978,666 114,315,953 65,446,413 Net Operating Assets NOA 3,505,673,597 3,151,170,642 3,005,171,105 2,561,416,930 1,233,475,113 Financial Assets FA 698,292,480 577,207,307 352,961,235 131,202,419 26,432,942 Financial Liabilities FL 2,602,284,401 2,501,328,238 2,384,995,900 2,077,863,070 991,642,182 Net Financial Liabilities (Assets) NFL(NFA) 1,903,991,922 1,924,120,931 2,032,034,666 1,946,660,651 965,209,240 Shareholders Equity SE 1,601,681,676 1,227,049,711 973,136,439 614,756,279 268,265,873 check 0 0 0 0 0Sales SA 1,617,426,750 1,418,025,552 1,280,394,033 914,982,769 761,470 ,520 Operating Income (with tax shield) OI 689,429,848 253,518,098 334,242,048 221,907,593 -113,843,321 Net Financing Costs NFC 90,561,960 78,337,026 -9,980,751 74,049,241 29,671,997 Net Income NI 598,867,888 175,181,073 344,222,799 147,858,353 -143,515,318 ROE depravation BASIC ANALYSIS ATO (sales / net operating assets) 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.36 0.62 PM (operating income / sales) 42.63% 17.88% 26.10% 24.25% -14.95% ROA (operating income / net operating assets) 19.67% 8.05% 11.12% 8.66% -9.23% check 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00CLEV (net operating assets / equity) 2.19 2.57 3.09 4.17 4.60 ILEV (operating income / net income) 1.15 1.45 0.97 1.50 0.79 ROE ( net income / equity) 37.39% 14.28% 35.37% 24.05% -53.50% check 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00SPREAD ANALYSIS ROA 19.67% 8.05% 11.12% 8.66% -9.23%Borrowing Rate (net financing costs / net financial liabilities) 4.76%4.07% -0.49% 3.80% 3.07% Spread (ROA financing costs) 14.91% 3.97% 11.61% 4.86% -12.30% FLEV (net financial l iabilities / equity) 1.19 1.57 2.09 3.17 3.60 Leveraged Spread 17.72% 6.23% 24.25% 15.39% -44.27% ROE 37.39% 14.28% 35.37% 24.05% -53.50%check 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Qantas ANALYSIS REFORMULATED BALANCE SHEET 06/30/2012NZDpreliminary 06/30/2011NZD 06/30/2010NZDrestated 06/30/2009NZD 06/30/2008NZDOperating Assets Net Receivables 1,138,830,550 1,099,506,200 918,979,200 914,755,950 955,587,900 Total Inventories 385,418,800 398,263,200 269,443,350 269,443,350 202,112,500 Prepaid Expenses 410,020,000 434,663,600 326,034,900 326,034,900 0 Other Current Assets 89,179,350 23,553,200 86,154,300 90,377,550 287,808,200 Net Property, Plant & Equip. 14,493,181,950 14,615,831,200 10,571,639,400 10,571,639,400 9,826,709,750 Other Assets 1,618,553,950 1,675,489,000 1,319,343,300 1,319,343,300 1,558,691,600 18,135,184,600 18,247,306,400 13,491,594,450 13,491,594,450 12,830,909,950 Operating Liabilities Accounts Payable 661,157,250 639,148,200 506,790,000 506,790,000 482 ,644,650 Accrued Payroll 0 0 0 0 337,932,100Income Taxes Payable 0 0 0 0 0Dividends Payable 0 0 0 0 4,042,250Other Current Liabilities 5,488,117,700 5,418,306,6004,232,541,150 4,241,832,300 4,111,776,700 Provisions for Risks & Charges 755,461,850 692,678,200 473,004,000 473,004,000 430,903,850 Deferred Income 1,164,456,800 1,189,436,600 901,241,550 914,755,950 1,024,306,150 Deferred Taxes 660,132,200 821,150,200 603,924,750 603,924,750 490,729,150 Other Liabilities 229,611,200 527,805,800 195,114,150 195,114,150 216,664,600 8,958,937,000 9,288,525,600 6,912,615,600 6,935,421,150 7,098,999,450 Net Operating Assets 9,176,247,600 8,958,780,800 6,578,978,850 6,556,173,300 5,731,910,500 Financial Assets Cash & Short Term Inv. 3,573,324,300 4,083,268,400 3,325,387,050 3,325,387,050 3,377,704,100 3,573,324,300 4,083,268,400 3,325,387,050 3,325,387,050 3,377,704,100 Financial Liabilities Short Term Debt and Current LTD 1,147,030,950 617,736,200 532,129,500 522 ,838,350 491,537,600 Long Term Debt 5,566,021,500 5,839,052,400 4,320,384,750 4,306,870,350 3,957,362,750 6,713,052,450 6,456,788,600 4,852,514,250 4,829,708,700 4,448,900,350 Net Financial Liabilities (Assets) 3,139,728,150 2,373,520,200 1,527,127,200 1,504,321,650 1,071,196,250 Shareholders Equity 6,036,519,450 6,585,260,600 5,051,851,650 5,051,851,650 4,660,714,250 check 0 0 0 0 0REFORMULATED INCOME STATEMENT Sales 16,117,886,200 15,945,516,400 11,632,519,800 11,632,519,800 11,764,564,400 Total Costs 16,221,416,250 15,412,357,600 11,379,969,450 11,379,969,450 11,506,668,850 Earnings before Interest and Taxation (EBIT) -103,530,050 533,158,800 252,550,350 252,550,350 257,895,550 Tax -107,630,250 79,224,400 52,368,300 52,368,300 46,890,100 Income after Taxation 4,100,200 453,934,400 200,182,050 200,182,050 211,005,450 NetInterest 254,212,400 187,355,000 102,202,650 102,202,650 111,566,100 Net Income (before Pref Dividends & Minority Interests) -250,112,200 266,579,4 00 97,979,400 97,979,400 99,439,350 TAX-SHIELD Effective Tax Rate 104.0% 14.9% 20.7% 20.7% 18.2% Net Interest 254,212,400 187,355,000 102,202,650 102,202,650 111,566,100 Tax Shield 264,280,218 27,839,900 21,192,523 21,192,523 20,284,745 TAX-ADJUSTED OPERATING INCOME Operating Income (with tax shield) -260,180,018 426,094,500 178,989,527 178,989,527 190,720,705 Net Financing Costs -10,067,818 159,515,100 81,010,127 81,010,127 91,281,355 Net Income -250,112,200 266,579,400 97,979,400 97,979,400 99,439,350 AVERAGED BALANCE SHEEETS Operating Assets OA 18,191,245,500 15,869,450,425 13,491,594,450 13,161,252,200 6,415,454,975 Operating Liabilities OL 9,123,731,300 8,100,570,600 6,924,018,375 7,017,210,300 3,549,499,725 Net Operating Assets NOA 9,067,514,200 7,768,879,825 6,567,576,075 6,144,041,900 2,865,955,250 Financial Assets FA 3,828,296,350 3,704,327,725 3,325,387,050 3,351,545,575 1,688,852,050 Financial Liabilities FL 6,584,920,525 5,654,651,425 4,841,111,475 4 ,639,304,525 2,224,450,175 Net Financial Liabilities (Assets) NFL(NFA) 2,756,624,175 1,950,323,700 1,515,724,425 1,287,758,950 535,598,125 Shareholders Equity SE 6,310,890,025 5,818,556,125 5,051,851,650 4,856,282,950 2,330,357,125 check 0 0 0 0 0Sales SA 16,117,886,200 15,945,516,400 11,632,519,800 11,632,519,800 11,764,564,400 Operating Income (with tax shield) OI -260,180,018 426,094,500 178,989,527 178,989,527 190,720,705 Net Financing Costs NFC -10,067,818 159,515,100 81,010,127 81,010,127 91,281,355 Net Income NI -250,112,200 266,579,40097,979,400 97,979,400 99,439,350 ROE DECOMPOSITION BASIC ANALYSIS ATO (sales / net operating assets) 1.78 2.05 1.77 1.89 4.10 PM (operating income / sales) -1.61% 2.67% 1.54% 1.54% 1.62% ROA (operating income / net operating assets) -2.87% 5.48% 2.73% 2.91% 6.65% check 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00CLEV (net operating assets / equity) 1.44 1.34 1.30 1.27 1.23 ILEV (operating income / net income) 1.04 1.60 1.83 1.83 1.92 ROE ( net incom e / equity) -3.96% 4.58% 1.94% 2.02% 4.27% check 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00SPREAD ANALYSIS ROA -2.87% 5.48% 2.73% 2.91% 6.65%Borrowing Rate (net financing costs / net financial liabilities) -0.37% 8.18% 5.34% 6.29% 17.04% Spread (ROA financing costs) -2.50% -2.69% -2.62% -3.38% -10.39% FLEV (net financial liabilities / equity) 0.44 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.23 Leveraged Spread -1.09% -0.90% -0.79% -0.90% -2.39% ROE -3.96% 4.58% 1.94% 2.02% 4.27%check 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Company Return On Equity Per ShareY2008 Return On Equity Per ShareY2009 Return On Equity Per ShareY2010 Return On Equity Per ShareY2011 Return On Equity Per ShareY2012 1 2 -27.03 25.33 33.93 14.46 36.863 6.1 20.38 10.32 -18.51 -27.24 -16.22 6.01Malaysia industry average -10.47% 22.86% 22.13% -6.76% 4.81% 1 17.02 2 1.89 4.09 -4.072 22.45 19.73 18.2 11.46 15.253 11.61 -21.09 2.26 -7.32 2.36Austrilia industry average 17.03% 0.21% 7.45% 2.74% 4.51% Return On Equity Per ShareY2008 Return On Equity Per ShareY2009 Return On Equity Per ShareY2010 Return On Equity Per ShareY2011 Return On Equity Per ShareY2012 1 -37.81 22.91 39.91 17.15 10.292 14.73 1.33 5.13 5.29 4.463 -27.03 25.33 33.93 14.46 36.864 15.02 -1.08 -13.73 4.69 5.275 -19.27 11.89 29.11 9.99 1.626 -76.38 57.88 57.42 19.5 17.287 -70.4 -11.18 23.64 -4.06 0.18 -51.42 4.23 34.87 17.31 8.159 -27.96 -10.48 33.11 0.5 1.3110 19.69 39.08 9.61 13.94 10.6611 -20.6 5.01 30.35 19.6 10.7912 -20.47 -30.29 -21.4 -5.16 -14.4313 -26.05 -3.37 14.11 -9.31 9.8314 6.1 20.38 10.32 -110.51 -27.2415 -0.11 -13.94 9.05 85.17 -13.5216 17.02 2 1.89 4.09 -4.0717 22.45 19.73 18.2 11.46 15.2517 16.21 43.36 56.31 44.68 25.9718 13.1 7.31 1.58 7.88 2.4819 -37.71 14.89 24.31 -14.64 9.4520 -14.02 0.34 17.5 10.69 1.3721 11.61 -21.09 2.26 -7.32 2.36Asia & Pacific Region industry average -13.33% 8.37% 18.98% 6.15% 5.19%

Psy 240 the Nature-Nurture Issue Essay

The Nature-Nurture Issue The nature versus nurture spots have been have been argued for centuries. The pro-nature perspective follows the theory that genetics and biological inheritance determine behavior, internal forces or stimuli the pro-nurture perspective follows the belief or theory that experience and environment determine behavior, external forces or external stimuli.The psychology field known as biopsychology researches the aspects of twain perspectives use critical thinking and research practices to determine the effects of both of these perspectives on human behavior the control groups used in experimentation can be human or non-human subjects of a similar species. (Pinel. (2009)).The flaw in attempting to determine what degree of behavior is attributed to nature and what degree is attributed to nurture is that both of these perspectives play a role in how and why a behavior is exhibited. Some of the behaviors which individualistics exhibit can be linked to animal or p rimal instinct, these are behaviors found on nature however, we must select that the primal fears we have as children such as fear of the dark, often no longer exhibited in the individual as an adult.This change in the behavior can be attributed to experience over time, the nurture perspective agrees with experiences influence in behavior. (Pinel. (2009)). The headeriac is the central focus of the study of biopsychology, and researchers have determined that the brains functions are responsible for human behavior research has determined the neuroplasticity theory of the brain changing based on both genetics and experience.The neuroplasticity of the human brain can be used as an example of why it is important to consider how much of behavior is based on genetics and how much is based on environment however, it would be difficult if not impossible to determine what percent of behavior is nature or nurture because both effect behavior based on the neuroplasticity theory There are g enetic factors that can tinct behavior however, experience and nurturing can assist in controlling some behaviors based on learning or the xpectations set for an individual. This idea makes sense that both genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) play important roles in behavior, the behavior of an individual may change over the course of a lifetime. (Pinel. (2009)). Reference Pinel, J. P. J. (2009). Biopsychology. Boston, MA Pearson.

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Essay

As a realistic matter, it is smart to sustain a meter that addresses a real concern, creates proper mathematical function of resources and effectively addresses the problem for which it was in pitched. It is known that victims of armed robberies want to see the offenders punished. It is noticeable that the publics desire is to be safe and protected from being a victim of armed robbery. While on the other hand, the legislature must show caution in legislating across the board sentencing and defend courtesy for the judicial musical arrangement to consider the specific aspects that creates each case. Yet advocates of deserved punishment argue that it is not automatically evident how intermediate sanctions compare with all prison or probation in terms of severity, nor is it clears how they compare with one another(prenominal) (Clear, et. al., 2008). For example placing one offender on intensive probation while ordering another to pay a heavy fine may violate the equal punishment rat ionale of just deserts.Any recommendation should examine the proposed bill and the culpable Justice System. Fairness is subjective in spite of this every society will form a series of regulations through which to defend the various(prenominal)s and society from damage. If an individual violates one of the regulations dictated by culture, there is usually a consensus of what constitutes a suitable punishment. In the United States, we depend on the Federal Sentencing Guidelines in auxiliary to every states adoption of the Model penal Code. Section 1.02(1) of the Model Penal Code instructions the allocation of punishment as to vindication conduct that is without liability from condemnation as criminal (culpability), to provide fair caution of the nature of the conduct confirmed to represent an offense (legality) and to differentiate on logical basis between serious and minoroffenses (proportionality) (Model Penal Code, n.d.). Here we are referring to armed robbery. Considered a fe lony, armed robbery tends to force back a large penalty in the majority states. Among the fundamentals measured in determining if a crime has been committed, one must address the versatile levels of culpability and/ or extenuating factors.Armed robbery can be a violent well designed crime otherwise a ham-fisted half-witted attempt. Eventually a result of guilt must be do, by a predominance of the proof, with competent lawful protection representation offered to the accused. entirely after all these necessities are met can a judge proceed with sentencing. These judges must have discretion in considering the above three aspects and tilt them accordingly in order to distribute a sentence that is fair and balanced. While the community may desire a representative to be ambitious on crime, the community tends to be sympathetic to media stories of criminals who act out of distraction or need. There has been strong resistance to suggestions that delay individual considerations.Beyond the blinking punitive effect, punishment can serve the need of removing dangerous people from the society, serve as deterrence to those inclined to commit a crime and potentially reform criminals into law abiding citizens. These societies have also recognized that in order for any corrective act to have its preferred effect it has to correspond the crime. Take for instance the cutting off of a hand for someone caught stealing. Most western societies would regard this punishment as too severe and those societies that choose this practice have come under scrutiny for these practices. Armed robbery has no doubt been addressed within these judicial systems. Sentencing guidelines should always represent directness in reliability and proportionality. Also consideration needs to be taken into account as to why new policy efforts are being made for this particular crime. Is there a belief that the accessible laws have displayed omissions or errors that must be addressed?Has there been a failure of the justice system in punishment of armed robberies? Are convicted armed robbers being released from prison too early? Do they cultivate to be repeat offenders? Do these crimes tend to rise into murder or other violent felonies? Are there precise instances where the existing laws have failed to serve justice? To decide the practicability of the bill, the give-and-take of correctional assets would be applicable. The result of this bill regardingmaximum sentencing (as opposed to mandatory minimum sentencing) doubles the correction time for the person who is convicted in the armed robbery. In each specific case, to evaluate suitable sentence and to weigh the severity of the crime, the bills full force is to provide more choices to judges and the sentencing board. This bill may not help enforcing the provisions but may supply more choices for the severe cases which deserve more severe punishment.ReferencesClear, T. Reisig, M. Cole, G. (2008), American Corrections. Retrieve d from Google Books.Model Penal Code. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www1.law.umkc.edu/suni/crimlaw/mpc_provisions/mpc1021.htm

How did the “Doctrine of Empiricism” change the way artists created art?

The term empiricism has a dual etymology, stemming both from the Grecian word for experience. (http//www. philosophybasics. com/branch_empiricism. html) The Doctrine of Empiricism changed the way deviceists created art. They went from an open-minded outlook on the way to express art to a more structured view. It vanished the desire of metaphysical, tradition, and myth and replaced it with critical thought, and the scientific method of experimentation and the knowledge through empirical data. (The Enlightenment) A philosopher that well represents empiricism was John Locke.Portrait of John Locke, by Sir Godfrey Kneller. Oil on canvas. 7664 cm. Britain, 1697. Source of Entry Collection of Sir Robert Walpole, Houghton Hall, 1779 Locke believed that everyone was born with a blank slate and knowledge was obtained from experience. ( Theory of Knowledge, Empiricism) That changed the way artists created art because it gave them a more realistic view on how to express themselves. They took what they already k peeled and have experienced and started a whole new perception. Although this whole concept was new to everyone, not everyone agreed.Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued the idea of perfection in progress and knowledge, but he still presented acceptable ideas because the philosophers of this period argued for the perfection of the natural. (The Enlightenment) Leonardo Da Vinci was an advocate for wakeful empirical observation and an early version of the scientific method, making him important to the development of both recognition and skepticism. Leonardos emphasis on observation and empirical science was not separate from his art. ( Leonardo Da Vinci Science, Observation, Empiricism, and Mathematics) Vitruvius Vitruvian Man, by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1490The Vitruvian Man was created using contour lines. The detail and shading is limited but portrays his participation in proportion and science. Da Vinci put a visual emphasis on the body itself using shapes to create wha t acts as a border. Empiricism was a breakthrough in the late 17th century and during the 18th. It took the endless possibilities of art and gave everything a new perspective. It is the theory in which everything comes from experience and evidence. It changed the way artists created art by giving them some insight and background before they ventured off into the divine world of art. Works Citedhttp//www.theoryofknowledge.info/sources-of-knowledge/empiricism/ The Neoclassical (The Enlightenment)http//myeclassonline.comhttp//www.philosophybasics.com/branch_empiricism.htmlhttp//atheism.about.com/od/imagegalleries/ig/Leonardo-Da-Vinci/VirtuviusLeonardo-Da-Vinci.htm

Recontructionism Essay

The eccentric of the assimilator in a Reconstructionist percolateing environment. The role of the student in the reconstructionist withdrawing environment is to be an active participant. Students are professionalmote to think criti augury just about the world in which they live in and how it bath be changed for the better. Students find how to be problem solvers and conclusiveness makers. It is frequent for students to be challenged on their thoughts and feelings regarding topics. Acquisition of strong moral values are also encouraged through teaching.Reconstructionist encourages societal activism among its students. It is non uncommon for students to learn while doing, such as organizing a pabulum drive for the local home little shelter. Progressivism With the acquaintance laboratoryoratory instilldays set the stage for the progressive education movement. prove on the view that educators, like scientists, need a place to test their ideas, Deweys research laborato ry School eventually became the most famous experimental educate in the history of U. S. education, a place where thousands discover Deweys innovations in inculcate design, methods, and curriculum.Although the initiate remained under Deweys control for only eight long time and never enrolled much than 140 students (ages 3 to 13) in a single year, its influence was enormous. Dewey designed the Lab School with only one classroom plainly with several facilities for experiential learning a experience laboratory, an . Progressivism organizes teachs around the concerns, curiosity, and objective-world experiences of students. The progressive instructor facilitates learning by helping students formulate meaningful questions and devise strategies to process those questions.Answers are non drawn from lists or even Great contains they are discovered through real world experience. Progressivism is the educational application of a philosophy called pragmatism. According to pragmati sm, the way to determine if an idea has moral excellence is simple test it. If the idea works in the real world, then it has merit. Both pragmatism and progressivism originated in America, the home of a very practical and pragmatic pot. John Dewey refined and applied pragmatism to education, establishing what became cognise as progressivism.John Dewey was a reformer with a background in philosophy and psychology who taught that people learn best through sociable interaction in the real world. Dewey believed that because social learning had meaning, it endured. Book learning, on the previous(predicate)(a) hand, was no substitute for actually doing things. Progressivisms do not believe that the mind batch be disciplined through entering Great Books, rather that the mind should be trained to crumple experience thoughtfully and draw conclusions objectively. Dewey saw education as an opportunity to learn how to apply preliminary experiences in new ways.Dewey believed that studen ts, facing an ever-changing world, should master the scientific method (1) Become aware of a problem (2) define it (3) propose various hypotheses to solve it (4) experience the consequences of each hypothesis in the get off of previous experience and (5) test the most likely solution. (For a biography of John Dewey, see the lobby of Fame Profiles in Education in Chapter 4. ) Dewey regarded democracy and freedom as far superior to the political ideas of sooner times. Dewey saw traditional, autocratic, teacher- overhaul the gatetered crops as the antithesis of democratic ideals.He viewed progressive schools as a functional model of democracy. Dewey wrote To duplicity from above is opposed ex compression and cultivation of individuality to external discipline is opposed free natural process to learning from texts and teachers, learning through experience to encyclopaedism of isolated skills and techniques by drill is opposed acquisition of them as means of attaining ends which make direct vital appeal to preparation for a more or less remote prospective is op-posed making the most of the opportunities of present life to statistics and materials is opposed acquaintance with a changing world.The Progressive classroom Walk into a progressivism classroom, and you exit not find a teacher standing at the front of the room confabulationing to rows of seated students. Rather, you will likely see children working in small groups, moving about and talking freely. Some children efficacy be discussing a science experiment, while some other group works on a model volcano, and a third pre-pares for a presentation. Interest unions would be located throughout the room, filled with books, materials, software, and projects designed to attract student interest on a wide array of topics.Finally you notice the teacher, walking around the room, bending over to talk with individual students and small groups, asking questions and making suggestions. You sense that the las t thing on her mind is the standardised arouse test scheduled for next week. Progressivisms build the curriculum around the experiences, interests, and abilities of students, and encourage students to work together cooperatively. Teachers feel no compulsion to focus their students attention on one discrete discipline at a time, and students integrate several subjects in their studies.Thought-provoking activities augment reading, and a game like Monopoly might be used to illustrate the principles of capitalism versus socialism. Computer simulations, field trips, and interactive websites on the Internet poke out realistic learning challenges for students, and build on students multiple intelligences. Progressivism in Action The Laboratory School In 1896, while a professor at the University of Chicago, Dewey founded the Laboratory School as a testing ground for his educational ideas.Deweys writings and his work art room, a wood-working shop, and a kitchen. Children were likely to m ake their ingest weights and measures in the laboratory, illustrate their knowledge stories in the art room, build a boat in the shop, and learn chemistry in the kitchen. They were unlikely to learn through isolated exercises or drills, which, according to Dewey, students consider irrelevant. Since Dewey believed that students learn from social interaction, the school used many group methods such as cooperative model-making, field trips, role playing, and dramatizations.Dewey maintained that group techniques make the students better citizens, developing, for example, their willingness to share responsibilities. Children in the Laboratory School were not promoted from one grade to another after mastering certain material. Rather, they were grouped according to their individual interests and abilities. For all its child-cantered orientation, however, the Laboratory School remained hierarchical in the sense that the students were never given a role comparable to that of the module i n determining the schools educational practices. brotherly ReconstructionismSocial reconstructionism encourages schools, teachers, and students to focus their studies and energies on alleviating permeating social inequities, and as the name implies, reconstruct society into a new and more just social order. Al-though social reconstructionist agree with progressivists that schools should concentrate on the needs of students, they split from progressivism in the 1920s after development impatient with the slow pace of change in schools and in society. George Counts, a student of Dewey, published his sheer book, Dare the Schools Build a New Social Order? in which he outlined a more ambitious, and clearly more radical, approach to education. Countss book, written in 1932, was no doubt influenced by the human cost of the Great Depression. He proposed that schools focus on reforming society, an idea that caught the imagination and sparked the ideals of educators both in this country and abroad. Social challenges and problems provide a natural (and moral) direction for curricular and instructional activities. Racism, sexism, environmental pollution, homelessness, poverty, core group aversion, homophobia, AIDS and violence are rooted in misinformation and thrive in ignorance.Therefore, social reconstructionists believe that school is the ideal place to begin ameliorating social problems. The teachers role is to explore social problems, suggest alternate perspectives, and facilitate student analysis of these problems. While convincing, cajoling, or moralizing about the vastness of addressing human tragedy would be a natural teacher response, such adult-led decision-making flies in the pillowcase of reconstructionist philosophy. A social reconstructionist teacher must model democratic principles.Students and teachers are expected to live and learn in a democratic culture the students themselves must select educational objectives and social priorities. The Social R econstructionist Classroom A social reconstructionist teacher manufactures lessons that both intellectually inform and emotionally stir students about the inequities that call them. A class might read a book and visit a photojournalists register portraying violent acts of racism. If the book, exhibit and the class discussion that follows move the students, the class might choose to rent a long-term project to habilitateigate the problem.One group of students might analyse news reporting of racial and ethnic groups in the community. Another student group might conduct a stack analysing community perceptions of racial groups and race relations. Students might visit city hall and examine arrest and audition records in order to determine the role race plays in differential application of the law. Students might examine government records for information about housing patterns, income levels, graduation rates and other relevant statistics.The teachers role would be as facilitator assisting students in focusing their questions, developing a strategy, helping to organize visits, and ensuring that the info collected and analysed ensure standards of objectivity. Throughout, the teacher would be instructing students on research techniques, statistical evaluation, writing skills, and public communications. In a social reconstructionist class, a research project is more than an academic exercise the class is diligent in a genuine effort to improve society.In this case, the class might arrange to meet with political leaders, encouraging them to create programs or legislation to respond to issues the students uncovered. The students might seek a pro bono attorney to initiate legal action to remedy a social injustice they unmasked. Or by chance the students might take their findings directly to the media by holding a press conference. They might also create a Web page to share their findings and research methods with students in other parts of the country, or othe r parts of the world.How would the teacher decide if the students watch met the educational goals? In this example, an objective, well-prepared report would be one criterion, and trim back or eliminating a racist community practice would he a second measure of success. Social Reconstructionism in Action Paulo Freire Paulo Freire believed that schools were just another institution perpetuating social inequities while serving the interests of the dominant group. want social reconstructionism itself, Freires beliefs grew during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when he experienced hunger and poverty set downing line-hand.Influenced by red ink and neo-Marxist ideas, Freire accused schools of perpetuating the status quo views of the rich and powerful for the purpose of keeping the masses submerged and content in a culture of silence. Schools were endorsing social Darwinism, the idea that society is an ingenious sorting placement, one in which the more talented rise to the top, while those less deserving find themselves at the bottom of the social and stinting pecking order. The conclusion Those with money de-serve it, those without money deserve their lot in life, and poverty is a normal, preordained part of reality.Freire jilted this conclusion. He did not believe that schools should be viewed as banks, where the privileged deposit ideas like social Darwinism to he spoon fed into the limited minds of the dispossessed. He envisioned schools as a place where the poor can acquire the skills to regain control of their lives and influence the social and economic forces that locked them in poverty in the first place. Freire engaged the poor as equal partners in dialogues that explored their economic and social problems and possible solutions.Freire believed in praxis, the article of belief that when actions are based on sound theory and values, they can make a real contrariety in the world. (It is no accident that the term praxis is also the name given to t he teacher ability tests required by many states. ) Freires ideas took hold not only in his native Brazil, but in poor areas around the globe. As poor farm workers became literate and aware, they organized for their self-improvement, and began to work for change. It is not surprising that the autocratic leaders of his country eventually forced him into exile, for he had turned schooling into a liberating force.For a biography of Paulo Freire, see the Hall of Fame Profiles in Education in Chapter 4. ) How Can Education crucify Crime? A major proposition for solving the crime epidemic has endlessly been a call for more education however does a more educated society mean a legal society? Schools as institutions are merely a microcosm of society and as such must inherently reflect the attitudes and behavior of the public, including stealing from each other beating up on each other, traffic in contraband and sexually violating each other.Students flout school regulations and/or nati onal laws. One can now ponder which comes first, the chicken or the egg? Does the deviant student become the criminal? Or does the criminal modeling within society create the deviant student? Students however are not the only perpetrators of crime in schools. Teachers represent authority figures in the system, and like in wider society, they may abuse their power and break school rules as well. These unfortunate events again raise questions. What causes a teacher to give unsporting advantages to his favorite students?What causes the politician/policeman to pardon his criminal friend or allow him unfair advantages? What causes authority figures to victimize members of a certain groups? In the end, we need to view the issues of crime in school and crime in society as interlinked. Viewed in this context, the solution of increased education on its own to mitigate crime, seems less feasible. A favorable learning environment, coupled with specialized teaching techniques can rase devianc e and increase the rule of law. Students are more likely to succeed when they feel connected to the school and the learning process.This connection reflects students belief that school administrations care about them as individuals. Teachers are central to creating a clear classroom structure. They must build connectedness in the classroom and encourage team-learning exercises to break mountain social isolation by integrating student teams across gender, academic ability, and ethnicity. A supportive school administration must not allow a unripe person to fail, or students will inadvertently believe in winners and losers. This assumption sets up a dysfunctional dichotomy the winners or the academically proficient become nerds and losers.A prescribed, nurturing school culture with students experiencing connectedness to their school will create a positive, nurturing society with citizens experiencing connectedness to their communities and by extension, their country. Studies show a high proportion of students positively connected to their school are likely to increase academic performance and school competition rates and decrease incidents of fighting, bullying, vandalism and absenteeism. There is strong evidence, applicable across racial, ethnic and income groups that students who feel connect to school are less likely to exhibit disruptive behavior.Implementing civic education, particularly education about the rule of law into school curricula is used in Latin America and Asia as a predominant technique to foster knowledge and attitudes that prevent crime and corruption, protect human rights and enrich and enhance formal democracy. In Trinidad and Tobago, the education system has consistently separated schools and students into vocation and university tracks and as such, avoided providing all students with the same core curriculum and setting inclusive academic standards.This form of informed prejudice has created, over the past decades, a society of confide nt and humble citizens, professionals and dropouts, favored old-boy graduates and neglected strugglers. Without a significant paradigm shift in the education system, the levels of crime in schools and society will increase or remain constant, students will always steal and teachers will always create as many or more problems than they solve.Higher levels of education do not ensure less crime in society, but indeed a more effective education system that caters to both the students and teachers mental and psychological health, while fostering a greater instinct and appreciation for civic duty and the rule of law, is key for crime reduction. Advocates Early education key to trim down crime The key to eradicating crime and violent behaviour, say organizers with the non-profit conflict Crime Invest in Kids dad, is to invest more resources in early care and child education.That was the theme earlier this week as Fight Crime visited the Penn Alexander School to unveil its findings in the multi-point plan, High-Quality Early Care and Education a recognise To Reducing Crime in Pennsylvania. The plan points to numerous nationwide studies which found that in Michigan, at-risk children not enrolled in high-quality programs were five times more likely to be chronic offenders by the age of 27 another report, this one based on Chicago, found that at-risk kids not participating in the citys child-parent centre programs are 70 per cent more likely to be arrested for a violent crime by the age of 19.And since the School rule of Philadelphias enrolment of at-risk/economically disfavor children currently sits at 80. 6 per cent or 117,749 students it only made sense for Philadelphia to be the first stop in a state-wide mission, said Fight Crime Pennsylvania State Director Bruce face-off. Philadelphia is obviously important because its a big city, and important because so many kids here have unmet needs, Clash said. And thats a extravaganza for them, their families and the community at large. Clashed praised the efforts of District Attorney Seth Williams in embracing the findings and for attending the unveiling, along with regularize superintendent Dr. William Hite Sr. and other elected and appointed officials. Williams and Hite were both unavailable for comment as of Tribune press time. The report illustrates in great detail the correlation between the lack of education and criminality and the positive effects reaped when limited resources are properly utilized, vital when only 17. 6 per cent of eligible 3- and 4-year-olds have access to high-quality publicly funded pre-K programs throughout the commonwealth.The report also shows that Pennsylvania spends more than $2. 3 billion on incarceration, but only $340 million on early childhood education. Law enforcement leaders across Pennsylvania want to make sure more Pennsylvania children receive high-quality care and education in their early years the help they need to succeed in life and avoid la ter crime and violence, read a portion of the findings. Despite strong evidence that high-quality early education can reduce future corrections costs in Pennsylvania and nationally, spending on corrections far surpasses spending on early education. The report further shows that, of criminals labelled chronic offenders by the age of 2, 35 per cent of them did not attend or participate in preschool programs conversely, only 7 per cent of those that did attend such a program went on to be considered chronic offenders.The report suggests several ways to cut off young criminal pipeline, including increasing the number of quality teachers, better funding for federal early care, Pre-K and head start programs, better implementation of the Child Care and Development Block grant and more school districts winning part in the federal Race To The Top program. The thing most criminals have in common is the lack of a high school education. Not everyone who doesnt get a diploma commits a crime, bu t there are more likely to commit a crime and be incarcerated, Clash said. So we targeted early childhood, with 40 years of research showing us that if you reach at-risk and economically disadvantaged children, 44 per cent more were likely to graduate because they have a foundation to build on, develop, turn out from and attain the skills they need in life. Clash said inroads are being made, citing the recent, multi-million dollar funding of the states Pre-K Counts program and the various Head start initiatives.Those two programs are funded through a series of line items in the state budget. Both of these funding streams are used by the School District of Philadelphia and by hundreds of school districts throughout the state, and many other districts use their own money for these programs, Clash said. impetus continues to grow, but the problem is that only 17 per cent of all Pennsylvanian three- and four-year-olds receive publicly-funded, high-quality Pre-K programming. And in Phi ladelphia, its a huge, unmet need, since 3,100 kids are at the poverty line do not have access to pre-K programs because they are on a wait list, Clash continued. So this report makes the case of why law enforcement is so touch on about getting access to pre-K young kids. Long-term arrests come down, and behaviourally, the data shows a reduction in early aggressive behaviour.

Evolution of Hard Disk Essay

secure magnetic disc is a storage device that resides inside a computer to read and write the selective information. onward the arrival of ambitious saucer drive paper was used as storage device however the paper playacted in a different way. Programs and data would be recorded using holes punched into paper where a special reader with a beam of light would scan the cards or tape. The paper-based computers were used by US Navy to chisel in data during 1940s and 1950s. During 1950s, work began in IBM on experimental sullen books.The researchers at IBM were working on various technologies to develop a saucer drive that could not altogether store data easily, but withal feasible commercially in consumer mass market. IBM developed the commencement ceremony seriously disks in 1950s, but this disk engineering science was unlike todays disk. It rotated on cylindrical drum over which the magnetic patterns were stored. The early stiff disk had heads of sternly disk in conta ct with surface of disk which was done to allow the low sensitivity to read the magnetic handle and pick up the data bits.The early disk drive was huge in size primarily composed of huge vacuum tube. Its random access method occupied the space equal to twain refrigerators with a weight of almost one ton. The disk huge magnetic drums were complex and unexpressed to work with and its manufacturing technique was too very cumbersome. For example, it was not possible to get the disk surface as liquid as possible to allow drill the data at high speed. The disk head would also easily worn out after little usage and the magnetic head would stop working.It was in late 1950s that IBM engineers found a break through allowing them to create the modern day hard disk drive. The IBM engineer found the solution to the earlier puzzles when they realized that with a proper design, the head of hard disk could be suspended over the disk surface to read the data beneath it. working(a) on this di scovery in 1956, IBM first hard disk (IBM 305 RAMAC was introduced. This hard disk was able to store 5 millions characters which was a huge amount in those days while todays hard disk densities are measured in billions of bits square per inch.It was in 1961 that IBM invented separate head for each data surface in their hard drive. By 1973 IBM shipped hard disk 3model 340 that were the first sealed hard disk drive continues till today. This applied science is used by almost all the hard disk manufacturers around the world. Further development took place in 1980s when Seagate introduced the first hard disk for PC or microcomputers named as ST506. Even though it was much more smaller in size than the disks produced in that conviction compared to modern hard disks, it was twice the size.During the 1980s Philips also manufactured the optical laser drive. By 1981 Sony also started to ship floppy drive. In 1983 Rodime made the first 3. 5-inch floppy drive and by 1985 first compact disc read-only memory encyclopedia came into being. The modern 3 1/ 2 IDE drive arrived in the market in 1985. The technology used in IDE drive was not much different from the earlier disk drive technology but ultimately it was added into the expansion board.The hard card included the drive that finally evolved into IDE hard disk drive, where the controller was finally merged into the printed circuit. During 1980s the arrival of DOS made easy the selling of hard disk as DOS made computing easy for normal users. However there was problem in DOS version 3. 31 and above. The new DOS 4. 0 did not support hard disk larger than 32 MB. The reason for this problem was the number of sectors that could not exceed 16-bit. This need pushed the programmers to surface up with new software.The solution was provided by Ontrack Disk Manager that allowed partition in hard disks. In 1986, the first 3-? hard disks that had voice coil actuator were introduced. By 1997 Seagate made big leap by introducing fi rst 7200-RPM ATA hard disk drive for PC followed by 15000-RPM hard disk drive that allowed data reading and writing data much faster. The amazing thing about hard disk is that they havent changed that much compared to other PC related components in the past 40 years.The figure below shows the changes interpreted place throughout the decades in hard disk technology. Even todays hard disk basic design has remained the same, except the size, capacity and storage. Thus it can be said that 1980s and nineties allowed the spread of hard disks due to the arrival of PC which were available to the modern consumers. As the hard disk technology developed so does it capacity and size. The earliest computers normally had 20 MB drive. By 2007 desktop computers hard disks drives have reached 100 to 500 GB.