Labor Law of Singapore Essay

In Singapore, for employment to be valid there must be a contract that has been agreed upon between the employers and the employee/s. In principle, employer and employee could enter into contractual obligations without a written contract. According to Sharon Bernhardt, that Singapore is known for its thriving business economy as well according to the WEF Global Competitiveness Report, Singapore is the most competitive economy in Asia, ranking third in the world and following only Switzerland and the United States. It is a common practice in Singapore for businesses to utilize employment contracts with their employees. There are no specific guidelines for employment contracts in the Employment Act. However, a contract in Singapore typically contains information about duties, salary, work hours, benefits and termination. Employment contracts are also typically documented in writing to preserve documentation. I. The Employment Act Labour Laws in Singapore is stated through the Employment Act. As stated in the AGC Singapore site, that â€Å"the Employment Act covers every employee (regardless of nationality) who is under a contract of service with an employer†, except: a. Any person employed in a managerial or executive position b. Any seaman; c. Any domestic worker; and d. Any person employed by a Statutory Board or the Government. It is also stated that part IV of the Act, which provides for rest days, hours of work and other conditions of service, applies only to: a. Workmen earning not more than $4,500 basic monthly salaries and b. Employees earning not more than $2,000 basic monthly salaries. A. Managers & Executives under this Employment Act In Singapore, managers and executives are employees with executive or supervisory functions. These functions include the authority to influence or make decision on issues such as recruitment, discipline, termination of employment, assessment of performance and reward, or involvement in the formulation of strategies and policies of the enterprise, or the management and running of the business. They also include professionals with tertiary education and specialised knowledge/skills and whose employment terms are comparable to those of managers and executives. Professionals such as lawyers, accountants, dentists and doctors whose nature and terms of employment are comparable to executives would generally be deemed as such, and hence they would not be covered under the Act. Junior managers and executives earning $4,500 basic monthly salary and below are only covered partially on the basic payment of salary. All other provisions do not apply to them. B. The Workforce In the scope of Labor Laws of Singapore, a workman is an employee whose work involves manual labour. This includes a worker who falls under any of the following categories: a. Any person, skilled or unskilled, doing manual work, including any artisan or apprentice but excluding any seaman or domestic servant; b. Any person, other than clerical staff, employed in the operation or maintenance of mechanically propelled vehicles that transport passengers, for hire or commercial purposes; c. Any person employed to supervise any workman and perform manual work. However, this is subject to the requirement that the time spent on manual work must be more than half of the total working time in a salary period; or d. Any person specified in the First Schedule of the Employment Act, namely: i. a. Cleaners; b. Construction workers; c. Labourers; d. Machine operators and assemblers; e. Metal and machinery workers; f. Train,bus, lorry and van drivers; g. Train and bus inspectors;and h. All workmen employed on piece rates at the employer’s premises. It covers both local and foreign employees. It does not make any distinction between a temporary employee, contract employee, daily-rated employee or employee on tenured employment. For employees working less than 35 hours a week, they are covered by the Employment of Part-Time Employees Regulations, which provide certain flexibility for both the employers and employees, including the pro-rating of employment benefits, encashment of annual leave and provision of rest day. C. Wages/Salary According to â€Å"Guide Me Singapore† by Janus Corporate Solutions, the only stipulation in the Employment Act is that employees are paid in a timely manner (employees must be paid at least once a month).Thus, there is no minimum wage for workers in Singapore Many companies do give an annual bonus of an extra month’s salary, but this is not a required practice. Work hours are regulated for employees who earn less than $2,000 SGD per month. According to the Employment Act, these workers may not be required to work more than eight hours a day or 44 hours per week. They are also entitled to a break after six hours of work. Employees in management or higher positions may work more hours depending on the terms outlined in their contract. D. Hours of Work, Overtime & Rest Days As stated in the part IV of the Employment Act & Section 33 are applicable only to: a. Workmen earning not more than $4,500 basic monthly salaries; and b. Other employees earning not more than $2,000 basic monthly salaries (excluding, overtime, bonus, Annual Wage Supplement, productivity incentives and allowances). E. Maximum working hours In Singapore, an employee is not allowed to work for more than 12 hours within a day except in the following circumstances: a. Accident or threat of accident; b. Work that is essential to: i. the life of the community; ii. national defence; or iii. security; c. Urgent work to be done to machinery or plant; or d. An interruption of work which was impossible to foresee. Thus, an employee can be required to work up to 12 hours a day if the employee gives his consent in writing, after the provisions of Sections 38 and 40 of the Employment Act have been clearly explained to him. He must be informed of the daily working hours, the number of working days in each week and the weekly rest day. Employers that require their employees to work more than 12 hours (maximum 14 hours) a day are required under section 40 of the Employment Act, to apply for overtime exemption from the Ministry of Manpower. F. Break time The duration of the break(s) should be no less than 45 minutes. An employee is generally not required to work more than six consecutive hours without a break. However, if the nature of work is such that it must be carried on continuously, an employee may be required to work eight hours continuously. In such an instance, a break or breaks must be given so that the employee can have his/her meal(s). G. Normal hours of work An employee covered by Part IV of the Employment Act is not required under his/her contract of service to work more than eight hours in a day or 44 hours in a week. * The limit of eight hours per day may be exceeded when an employee is not required to work more than five days a week. However, he/she is not required to work for more than nine hours per day or 44 hours in a week. * If the number of hours worked is less than 44 hours every alternate week, the limit of 44 hours a week may be exceeded in the other week. However, this must be stated in the contract of service and is subject to a maximum of 48 hours in one week or 88 hours in any continuous two week period. A shift worker is allowed to work up to 12 hours a day, provided that the average working hours each week do not exceed 44 over a continuous three week period. If the employee’s rest day falls on a day other than a Sunday, the employer is required to prepare a monthly roster and inform him of his rest days for the month at the beginning of each month. H. Overtime allowance Overtime allowance is payable if the employee is required by the employer to work above the limit of working hours specified above. All work in excess of the normal hours of work (excluding break time) is considered as overtime work. An employee must be paid no less than 1.5 times his/her hourly basic rate of pay for overtime. Payment for overtime work must be made within 14 days after the last day of the salary period. I. Maximum hours of overtime An employee is permitted to work up to a limit of 72 hours of overtime in a month. However, this limit may be exceeded if the Ministry of Manpower has granted an exemption under section 38 of the Employment Act. Employers that require their employees to work more than 72 hours of overtime in a month are required under section 38 of the Employment Act, to apply for overtime exemption from the Ministry of Manpower. For work done on rest days or public holidays it is not included in the 72 hours’ limit for overtime. However, if an employee works beyond his normal daily working hours on his rest day or public holiday, the extra hours of work done would be included in the 72 hours’ limit for overtime work. The rate of payment for an employee who works overtime on his rest day and public holiday should be paid at not less than one and a half times his hourly basic rate of pay for the overtime work (as in the case of overtime work on any other day), in addition to his rest day or public holiday pay. J. Rest days An employee covered by Part IV of the Employment Act is entitled to a rest day comprising one whole day (midnight to midnight) every week. The rest day can be on a Sunday or any other day. The employer should determine the rest day and inform the employee before the beginning of each month. It is not a paid day. Employer cannot compel employees to work on rest day unless under very exceptional circumstances. The longest allowable interval between two rest days is 12 days. This can occur where in one week, the rest day is given on Monday, which is at the beginning of the working week. In the following week, the rest day is on Sunday, which is at the end of next working week. This will enable an employee to take two rest days at a stretch and allow an employer greater flexibility in the rostering of rest days. For a shift worker, the rest day can be a continuous period of 30 hours. A 30-hour rest period that commences before 6pm on a Sunday will be considered as one rest day within the week, even though the 30-hour period will extend into the next week, i.e. on Monday. K. Payment for work done on a rest day Payment for work done on a rest day should be calculated as such: a. Work done at employer’s request: * One day’s salary when the employee works up to half the normal daily working hours; or * Two days’ salary when the employee works more than half the normal daily working hours. a. Work done at employee’s request: * Half day’s salary when the employee works up to half the normal daily working hours; or * One day’s salary when the employee works more than half the normal daily working hours. If an employee works beyond the normal daily working hours on a rest day, he/she should be paid at least 1.5 times the hourly basic rate of pay. L. Benefits Other benefits outlined in the Singapore Employment Act include the following: a. sick leave, b. annual leave, c. maternity leave and holidays. Many companies actually offer better benefits than what is required by the Employment Act, though employers are not required to offer employees private health insurance. All Singaporean citizens pay into a government health plan through their employer. II. Fair Employment Singapore is a meritocratic society and implementing fair and merit-based employment practices is the right thing to do. Singapore also has a diverse workforce in terms of its ethnic, religious, age and gender makeup. It will be increasingly so in terms of age and gender, as our population ages and as we encourage more women to enter the workforce. Implementing fair and merit-based employment practices widens the pool of candidates that employers can recruit from, increasing their chances of finding the best person for the job. Treating employees fairly and with respect also helps employers to retain valued employees to sustain and grow their businesses. Employees will also be more motivated to put in their best for the organisation. The Tripartite Alliance for Fair Employment Practices (TAFEP) works with employer organisations, unions and the Government to create awareness and facilitate the adoption of fair employment practices. TAFEP was formed in pursuant to the recommendation of the Tripartite Committee on Employability of Older Workers to promote employment practices that are fair and equitable to all workers. The Alliance is co-chaired by Mr Heng Chee How, Deputy Secretary-General, National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) and Mr Bob Tan, Vice President, Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF). The Alliance also includes members representing the employers, workers/unions, and the Government. III. Singapore Labour Laws for foreign workers In Singapore, minimum monthly salary of employment pass (EP) holders is S$2,500 (P77, 500). The â€Å"S† pass took effect July 1, 2004, catering to skilled workers at middle level with minimum salary of S$1,800 (P55, 800). â€Å"S† pass holders who earn basic monthly salary of at least S$2,500 (P77, 500) can take their spouse and children to Singapore. Professional licenses issued in the Philippines are not recognized. Filipino engineers and architects cannot sign on their project documents. WP (work permit) category includes domestic helper, nursing aide, healthcare assistant, technician and other positions that do not require special skills and college degree. Salaries for work permits are below S$1,800 (P55, 800) monthly. Work permits are valid for two years and maybe renewed with the Ministry of Manpower. Conditions of work permit holders as follows: a. Must possess high school diploma for continued employment in the City State; b. Can only work for employer/company and in occupation stated in his/her work permit card; c. Shall not get involved in any illegal, immoral or undesirable activities in Singapore –e.g. drugs, crime, prostitution, breaking up families; d. Shall not cohabit or have any children with a Singapore Citizen or Permanent President; e. Shall abide by conditions relating to marriage to a Singapore Citizen or Permanent Resident, as stated in conditions of work permit; f. Shall present self for medical examination by a registered Singapore doctor when requested by Controller of WP; g. WP card must be surrendered to the Work Permit Department upon completion, resignation or termination of employment; and h. Shall carry his/her work permit card at all times. IV. Restrictions Singapore’s Employment Act does not cover domestic helpers. Hence, most problematic of OFWs there are the DHs. Common problems DHs encounter are: being made to work in more than one household, exorbitant placement fees, non-payment of salaries, lack of valid employment contract as basis for settlement of claims/complaints, rare or even no days off, being made to do dangerous work (e.g. window cleaning in high-rise residence), and refusal of employer to attend to medical needs of sick domestic helpers. Singapore observes â€Å"open market† policy for domestic workers. Filipino women enter into contractual relationships without guidance from the Philippine government or its representative. They are subjected to excessive deductions from salaries by recruiters both in the Philippines and Singapore. In many cases, the terms and conditions of these employment contracts are below, or are non-compliant with the standards set by the POEA. Employers of DHs must inform the Ministry of Manpower (MOM) within 12 hours of their knowledge of death of their domestic workers. Employment agencies are prohibited from displaying foreign domestic workers. Any display of maids is considered a violation of Section 1, c of Employment Agency Act and could lead to withdrawal of agency’s license. Since May 3, 2004, work permits can be cancelled by simply sending a fax message to the MOM. Employers must submit to MOM the residential address of their foreign workers for easy monitoring in cases of emergency. Effective April 2004, first-time employers and domestic workers must attend seminars at MOM before issuance of work permit. SOURCES: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%22571f13ea-3a91-47ef-a07b-f45d12fc2101%22%20Status%3Apublished%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 http://www.ehow.com/list_5989991_labor-laws-singapore.html http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/42715/pinoyabroad/singapore-labor-laws-for-foreign-workers http://www.guidemesingapore.com/incorporation/hr/singapore-employment-act-guide

Battle Royal

Battle Royal Ralph Ellison begins the short story, â€Å"Battle Royal†, in some what of a state of confusion. The nameless narrator informs the reader that he has been essentially lost in the early twenty years of his life. The narrator’s grandfather adds to his confusion and the overall purpose of the story. While on his death bed, the grandfather claims to be a traitor and a spy. He charges his family to â€Å"overcome ‘em with yesesâ€Å"(258, paragraph 2) and â€Å"undermine ‘em with grins†(258, paragraph 2) as he lays preparing for death. A point that the narrator subconsciously internalized, the reader sees through the series of actions and point of view of the narrator the use of role playing among blacks. For if this method is followed, blacks are able to refuse internally to accept second class status, protect their own self respect, and avoid betraying themselves or each other. The grandfather’s words had a tremendous effect on the psyche of the narrator. Almost like a puzzle that couldn’t be solved that lay in the back of his mind. At points he found his self resenting his grandfather’s words regardless of the success he obtained. In spite of this, he still could see his self through his actions carrying out his grandfather’s advice of meekness and humility towards the white man. On the narrator’s graduation day he delivered a speech which showed that â€Å"humility was the secret, indeed, the very essence of progress. †(248, paragraph 3). For this speech, he gained praise from the white men of the town, because he exhibited the attitude that the white man thought to be â€Å"desirable conduct†(248, paragraph 3). He was then invited to give the speech on behalf of the town’s leading officials. Ellison uses the example of the narrator’s speech of humility to show that the white man in that time period can be manipulated. The narrator conveys humbleness in his speech to the white man, without showing any idea of equality to him. In return, the narrator is rewarded and invited to give his speech among more â€Å"white men†. This being an achievement that the socially conscious black man pushing for equality would have never accomplished during this time period. Upon arrival at the town meeting to give his speech he quickly realizes that it is not exactly what he had been expecting. He was then convinced or almost forced to participate in a Battle Royal amongst other black males who were not there to give any type of speech. The Battle Royal included several acts of self degradation towards the narrator and other black males. Through these actions we can see that the white men saw blacks as animals, and that the narrator was no different. Regardless of whether he was there for a speech or not, he was still forced to participate. In this way the white men showed their superior attitude towards the black males, the attitude that his grandfather taught him how to overcome with humility. As Ellison points out by saying, â€Å"They were tough guys who seemed to have no grandfather’s curse worrying their minds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. In those pre-invisible days I visualized myself as a potential Booker T. Washington†(248- 249, paragraph 4). The narrator not only shows humility in his speech but also through the scenes that take place in Battle Royal. He keeps the thought of his grandfather’s words at the fore front of his mind, as he goes through the harsh acts forced upon him by the white men during the battle royal, in hopes of giving his speech. In fact, the narrator was abused brutally both mentally and physically to the point where he could barely stand. Yet he still was persistent in wanting to give his speech. Ellison in this scene shows how blacks must be strong minded and willing to become completely humble in the eyes of the white man in order for the method to work. After the battle royal, the narrator was finally able to give his speech among the white men. Notably, after he was already dismissed with the other black males and then told to come back. The narrator relishes at the thought of giving his speech and begins to speak amongst the white men. It was not until his mouth began to dry and fill up with blood from his wounds, that he realized the white men were still laughing and talking. With thoughts of giving up and leaving in his head, he decided to continue with his speech. As he proceeded, the white men yelled for him to repeat words that were of three or more syllables, mocking him. He made a mistake and yelled social equality as the white men taunted him. The white men quickly put him in his place. Once the narrator was finished, he was presented with a briefcase and scholarship to a negro college. The scene of the final speech demonstrated how even though the white men did not respect him they still granted him with a briefcase and a scholarship. They did this because he exhibited once again humility towards them, making them feel superior. The second he mentioned the word â€Å"equality† he was quickly corrected, for they did not believe blacks and whites could be equal. By showing humbleness, the nameless nar rator gained exactly what he wanted from the white man without pushing for equality externally but internally. Battle Royal Battle Royal Ralph Ellison begins the short story, â€Å"Battle Royal†, in some what of a state of confusion. The nameless narrator informs the reader that he has been essentially lost in the early twenty years of his life. The narrator’s grandfather adds to his confusion and the overall purpose of the story. While on his death bed, the grandfather claims to be a traitor and a spy. He charges his family to â€Å"overcome ‘em with yesesâ€Å"(258, paragraph 2) and â€Å"undermine ‘em with grins†(258, paragraph 2) as he lays preparing for death. A point that the narrator subconsciously internalized, the reader sees through the series of actions and point of view of the narrator the use of role playing among blacks. For if this method is followed, blacks are able to refuse internally to accept second class status, protect their own self respect, and avoid betraying themselves or each other. The grandfather’s words had a tremendous effect on the psyche of the narrator. Almost like a puzzle that couldn’t be solved that lay in the back of his mind. At points he found his self resenting his grandfather’s words regardless of the success he obtained. In spite of this, he still could see his self through his actions carrying out his grandfather’s advice of meekness and humility towards the white man. On the narrator’s graduation day he delivered a speech which showed that â€Å"humility was the secret, indeed, the very essence of progress. †(248, paragraph 3). For this speech, he gained praise from the white men of the town, because he exhibited the attitude that the white man thought to be â€Å"desirable conduct†(248, paragraph 3). He was then invited to give the speech on behalf of the town’s leading officials. Ellison uses the example of the narrator’s speech of humility to show that the white man in that time period can be manipulated. The narrator conveys humbleness in his speech to the white man, without showing any idea of equality to him. In return, the narrator is rewarded and invited to give his speech among more â€Å"white men†. This being an achievement that the socially conscious black man pushing for equality would have never accomplished during this time period. Upon arrival at the town meeting to give his speech he quickly realizes that it is not exactly what he had been expecting. He was then convinced or almost forced to participate in a Battle Royal amongst other black males who were not there to give any type of speech. The Battle Royal included several acts of self degradation towards the narrator and other black males. Through these actions we can see that the white men saw blacks as animals, and that the narrator was no different. Regardless of whether he was there for a speech or not, he was still forced to participate. In this way the white men showed their superior attitude towards the black males, the attitude that his grandfather taught him how to overcome with humility. As Ellison points out by saying, â€Å"They were tough guys who seemed to have no grandfather’s curse worrying their minds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. In those pre-invisible days I visualized myself as a potential Booker T. Washington†(248- 249, paragraph 4). The narrator not only shows humility in his speech but also through the scenes that take place in Battle Royal. He keeps the thought of his grandfather’s words at the fore front of his mind, as he goes through the harsh acts forced upon him by the white men during the battle royal, in hopes of giving his speech. In fact, the narrator was abused brutally both mentally and physically to the point where he could barely stand. Yet he still was persistent in wanting to give his speech. Ellison in this scene shows how blacks must be strong minded and willing to become completely humble in the eyes of the white man in order for the method to work. After the battle royal, the narrator was finally able to give his speech among the white men. Notably, after he was already dismissed with the other black males and then told to come back. The narrator relishes at the thought of giving his speech and begins to speak amongst the white men. It was not until his mouth began to dry and fill up with blood from his wounds, that he realized the white men were still laughing and talking. With thoughts of giving up and leaving in his head, he decided to continue with his speech. As he proceeded, the white men yelled for him to repeat words that were of three or more syllables, mocking him. He made a mistake and yelled social equality as the white men taunted him. The white men quickly put him in his place. Once the narrator was finished, he was presented with a briefcase and scholarship to a negro college. The scene of the final speech demonstrated how even though the white men did not respect him they still granted him with a briefcase and a scholarship. They did this because he exhibited once again humility towards them, making them feel superior. The second he mentioned the word â€Å"equality† he was quickly corrected, for they did not believe blacks and whites could be equal. By showing humbleness, the nameless nar rator gained exactly what he wanted from the white man without pushing for equality externally but internally. Battle Royal Battle Royal Ralph Ellison begins the short story, â€Å"Battle Royal†, in some what of a state of confusion. The nameless narrator informs the reader that he has been essentially lost in the early twenty years of his life. The narrator’s grandfather adds to his confusion and the overall purpose of the story. While on his death bed, the grandfather claims to be a traitor and a spy. He charges his family to â€Å"overcome ‘em with yesesâ€Å"(258, paragraph 2) and â€Å"undermine ‘em with grins†(258, paragraph 2) as he lays preparing for death. A point that the narrator subconsciously internalized, the reader sees through the series of actions and point of view of the narrator the use of role playing among blacks. For if this method is followed, blacks are able to refuse internally to accept second class status, protect their own self respect, and avoid betraying themselves or each other. The grandfather’s words had a tremendous effect on the psyche of the narrator. Almost like a puzzle that couldn’t be solved that lay in the back of his mind. At points he found his self resenting his grandfather’s words regardless of the success he obtained. In spite of this, he still could see his self through his actions carrying out his grandfather’s advice of meekness and humility towards the white man. On the narrator’s graduation day he delivered a speech which showed that â€Å"humility was the secret, indeed, the very essence of progress. †(248, paragraph 3). For this speech, he gained praise from the white men of the town, because he exhibited the attitude that the white man thought to be â€Å"desirable conduct†(248, paragraph 3). He was then invited to give the speech on behalf of the town’s leading officials. Ellison uses the example of the narrator’s speech of humility to show that the white man in that time period can be manipulated. The narrator conveys humbleness in his speech to the white man, without showing any idea of equality to him. In return, the narrator is rewarded and invited to give his speech among more â€Å"white men†. This being an achievement that the socially conscious black man pushing for equality would have never accomplished during this time period. Upon arrival at the town meeting to give his speech he quickly realizes that it is not exactly what he had been expecting. He was then convinced or almost forced to participate in a Battle Royal amongst other black males who were not there to give any type of speech. The Battle Royal included several acts of self degradation towards the narrator and other black males. Through these actions we can see that the white men saw blacks as animals, and that the narrator was no different. Regardless of whether he was there for a speech or not, he was still forced to participate. In this way the white men showed their superior attitude towards the black males, the attitude that his grandfather taught him how to overcome with humility. As Ellison points out by saying, â€Å"They were tough guys who seemed to have no grandfather’s curse worrying their minds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. In those pre-invisible days I visualized myself as a potential Booker T. Washington†(248- 249, paragraph 4). The narrator not only shows humility in his speech but also through the scenes that take place in Battle Royal. He keeps the thought of his grandfather’s words at the fore front of his mind, as he goes through the harsh acts forced upon him by the white men during the battle royal, in hopes of giving his speech. In fact, the narrator was abused brutally both mentally and physically to the point where he could barely stand. Yet he still was persistent in wanting to give his speech. Ellison in this scene shows how blacks must be strong minded and willing to become completely humble in the eyes of the white man in order for the method to work. After the battle royal, the narrator was finally able to give his speech among the white men. Notably, after he was already dismissed with the other black males and then told to come back. The narrator relishes at the thought of giving his speech and begins to speak amongst the white men. It was not until his mouth began to dry and fill up with blood from his wounds, that he realized the white men were still laughing and talking. With thoughts of giving up and leaving in his head, he decided to continue with his speech. As he proceeded, the white men yelled for him to repeat words that were of three or more syllables, mocking him. He made a mistake and yelled social equality as the white men taunted him. The white men quickly put him in his place. Once the narrator was finished, he was presented with a briefcase and scholarship to a negro college. The scene of the final speech demonstrated how even though the white men did not respect him they still granted him with a briefcase and a scholarship. They did this because he exhibited once again humility towards them, making them feel superior. The second he mentioned the word â€Å"equality† he was quickly corrected, for they did not believe blacks and whites could be equal. By showing humbleness, the nameless nar rator gained exactly what he wanted from the white man without pushing for equality externally but internally.

Advertising has become a normal part of humanity Essay

Indeed, advertising has become a normal part of humanity lives in this era of globalization. Advertise clear plastered everywhere as newspapers, posters, giant billboards, and radio. This situation seems to show how strongly the influence of advertising in our lives. So the ads do bring positive influences and negative on human life in this world. Positive influence of advertising is advertising causes consumers have the option to purchase. Existence ads cause consumers to know how many similar products but different brands produced at this time. Users will use all available information in the ad to make their best choice. Advertise ensure that consumers purchase the best product based on their needs. See more: Foot Binding In China essay In addition, the ad could lead to a healthy competition between the producer of a product. If we look, producing a product that will try to produce the best ads according to their ability to attract buyers. This resulted in all parties are highlighting the advantages of their product over a competitor’s product. Clearly, the ad caused manufacturers ensure that their products meet quality as quoted in their ad’s. However, advertising also has its negative face. Advertisements often exploit women especially sexy women to promote sales of their products. In fact, there is a product that has nothing to do with women but uses a sexy female face for the ad. Use model handsome and well-built man who was exploited by advertising. This situation seems to give a false meaning of such use of this product will produce such faces or use of these products cause these women will be attracted to someone. Imagine the influence on our youth? Furthermore, the existence of the ad will cause prices to rise. The cost to produce an advertisement is very high because of the use of models, technology and experienced production crew. In fact, the advertisements in the mass media had to pay the cost of broadcasting time that is too expensive. This resulted in manufacturers will raise the prices of their products to make sure they can produce. Advertisements will also produce a group of users who are only concerned with the brand.consumers this type of advertising is obsessed with certain brands and only buy or use the product without thinking of the brand the pros and cons to them. Ads have resulted in a status-conscious consumer culture themselves in the eyes of society. Consumers want them highly regarded and respected when using a brand. In fact, the ad also led to consumers of goods they do not need. Their purchases solely on the basis of an interesting seeing ads. Ad serving has caused them to be interested and buy it even though it was not their need for a long period. This attitude is geared towards waste and purchases can cause users owe or financial difficulties. In conclusion, the ad has a dual role. One to tell and one to destroy. Perhaps consumers should be wise to make a rational assessment after seeing an advertisement. Users should not rush into buying after seeing the ad. Or maybe the ad should be banned.

Margin Questions Essay

1. Assume that an investor buys 100shares of stock at RM 50.00, putting up a 60% margin. a. What is the debit balance in this transaction? b. How much equity capital must the investor ‘s new margin position 2. Assume that an investor buys 100 shares of stock at RM 50.00 per share, putting up a 70% margin. a. What is the debit balance in this transaction? b. How much equity funds must the investor provide to make this margin transaction? c. If the stock rises to RM 80.00 per share, what is the investor margin position? 3. Miguel Torres purchased 100 shares of Can’t Win.com for RM50 per share, using as little of his own money as he could. His broker has a 50% initial margin requirement. The price of the stock falls to RM30 per share. What does Miguel need to do? 4. An investor buys 200 shares of stock selling at $ 80 per share using a margin of 60%. The stock pays annual dividends $ 1 per share. A margin loan can be obtained at an annual interest cost of 8%. Determine what return on invested capital the investor will realize if the price of the stock increases to $ 104 within six months. What is the annualized rate of return on this transaction? 5. Ah Beng purchased 3000 shares of Digi Communications Bhd. stock at RM 4.60 per share using the prevailing minimum initial margin of 65%. He held the stock for exactly 4 month and sold it without any brokerage cost at the end of the period. During the four month holding period, the stock paid RM 0.40 per share in cash dividends. Ah Beng was charged 6% annually interest on margin loan. The minimum maintenance margin was 40%. a. Calculate the initial value of the transaction, the debit balance, and the equity position on Ah Beng’s transaction. b. For each share prices stated below, calculate the actual margin percentage and indicate whether Ah Beng account would have excess equity, or would be subject to margin call? I. RM 4.00 II. RM 5.50 III. RM 6.50 IV. RM 3.30 V. RM 4.55 c. Calculate the I. Amount of dividend received during the 4 months holding period II. Amount of interest received during the 4 months holding period d. Use each of the following sale price at the end of 4 month holding period to calculate Ah Beng HPR return on Digi Communication Bhd. share transaction. I. RM 5.00 II. RM 7.00 III. RM 4.80

Sustainable Development and Agenda 21 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sustainable Development and Agenda 21 - Essay Example The paper below will focus on the various elements of sustainability that were discussed in Agenda 21 and their application via a country profiling. The global commission on the environment was introduced by the United Nations so as to provide a global agenda for change in terms of sustainable development. It was vital to address this issue as this has significant implications for the future of the world. Prevention of poverty and safeguarding the environment is part of the review. Two concepts can be gathered pertaining to sustainable development. These are the concept of needs and the concept of policymaking regarding the environment’s capacity to address the future and current needs. The needs in question are the needs to comprehend political, social, technological and cultural components of the global system (Sitarz, 2004). Several crucial areas can be picked from the proceedings of the Agenda. An important area that is covered in the Agenda is sustainable human settlement development. This is discussed in chapter seven of the Agenda. It is concerned with ensuring adequate shelter for all despite increasing rate of development. There is also focus on the need for reviving growth so as to cater for food and water, in addition to energy needs, to cater for the increase in human settlement. Another key area that is addressed is the need for improved and sustainable sanitation in terms of pollution minimization and the promotion of environmental infrastructure. Re-orientation of technology is also a paramount issue when it comes to sustainable development. So as to offset all this, there is a need for collaboration between economic and environmental decisions (Sitarz, 2008). The report points out how the future of the world can be secured through sustainable developments in various key fields. The report points out that the world cannot exist without development. However, these developments need to have the elements of sustainability  so as to preserve the integrity of the planet.

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Project managment - Assignment Example literature on this subject by David Anderson, Frank Brit and Donavon Favre under the title: The seven principles of Supply Chain Management, the concept gained more publicity and many scholars started producing tonnes of literature in this area. This new found interest in Supply Chain Management has allowed the concept to be extensively studied to the benefit of companies and customers across all industries. Some of the scholars who saw an opportunity after Anderson et al wrote their first piece in 1997 were Bowersox, Closs, & Cooper who in 2007 reviewed the decade old article and were in agreement that supply chains should be customer oriented. This pint of view represented the line of thought held by Anderson et al a decade earlier and opens a door into what the future holds for SCM. If over a decade earlier these scholars had seen the impact of SCM on customers and how the concept affected business, the it is fair to conclude that the article; The seven principles of Supply Chain Management was clearly ahead of itself. To address the unique customer demands within a supply chain, segmentation is necessary so that each cluster with identical characteristics is serviced in a peculiar manner that meets their uniqueness. EBay, one of the leading global online marketplaces, has adopted a unique model in its supply chain where for an extra cost, customers with need to urgent delivery are s upplied within the stipulated time and the purchased products discounted. This is an indicator of how a customised supply chain helps serve global clients to the benefit of all stakeholders. A discussion by Wang, Heng & Chau (2007) stressed on sharing information on demand trends especially for organizations with business relationships so that level of stock among these companies is kept at the bare minimum. This alignment of demand and planning is a useful tool throughout the supply chain because it helps related businesses obtain real time data on regions with deficit further

Realist Law and Order Liberalism versus Optimistic, Market Liberalism Essay

Realist Law and Order Liberalism versus Optimistic, Market Liberalism - Essay Example d restriction of government rights with the help of the society that has the power to remove those leaders who are unable to act according to the social contract (Vaughn 311–326).Thomas Hobbes alludes occurrence of conflicts in the society to antagonism and rivalry that result in the attack of others for selfish interests so as to receive praise and protect their reputation among their friends, colleagues and the society (Hobbes 264). He further argues that even when human beings lived in a state of nature they still experienced a lot of suffering therefore the presence of rulers and rules would help alleviate the suffering. This paper therefore explores the social contracts postulated by both Locke and Hobbes and tries to examine the manner in which they are both attributed to the development of social liberalism. The paper will therefore explore the various postulates put forward by both Locke and Hobbes and examine the various weaknesses and strengths evident in each of the social contract theories and the challenges that are likely to occur as a result of the social contract theories. According to Hobbes, man is not a social animal by nature. He argues that the society is incapable of surviving on its own, it has to be supported the authority of the state. This is contrary to Locke who believes that a human being is a social animal by nature. According to Hobbes, in the natural state human beings are open and autonomous hence have the right to do whatever they want and are not accountable to anyone. This right is a basic moral fact, rather than any duty people have to do according to a law. The priority of individual right reflects our separateness, our lack of moral ties to one another. According to Hobbes, one consequence of this is that the state of nature is a â€Å"war of all against all†: human beings are naturally at war with one another. Individuals create societies and governments to escape this condition. Society is not natural to man, but is the